windows编程笔记，线程同步的实现

不说原理，只说使用示例。
先统计下线程同步可以使用到的内容：

• 原子锁
   InterlockedExchangeAdd()
• 旋转锁
   InterlockedExchange()
• 关键段
   InitializeCriticalSection()、DeleteCriticalSection()
   EnterCriticalSection()、LeaveCriticalSection()
   TryEnterCriticalSection()不等待，返回FALSE表示资源被用
   InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount()、SetCriticalSectionSpinCount()关键段与旋转锁配合
• Slim读写锁
   InitializeSRWLock()
   写锁：AcquireSRWLockExclusive()、ReleaseSRWLockExclusive()
   读锁：AcquireSRWLockShared()、ReleaseSRWLockShared()
• 事件和等待函数
   等待函数：WaitForSingleObject()
   CreateEvent()、ResetEvent()、SetEvent()
• 信号量和等待函数
   CreateThread()、OpenSemaphore()、ReleaseSemaphore()
• 互斥锁/互斥量和等待函数
   CreateMutex()、OpenMutex()、ReleaseMutex()

先看下面一段代码来简单说明一下为什么需要使用线程同步。

#include <Windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define COUNT 100000
long g_x = 0;
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara);
int main(void)
{
 HANDLE hThread_1 = NULL, hThread_2 = NULL;
 DWORD ThreadID_1, ThreadID_2;
 hThread_1 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_1);
 hThread_2 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_2);
 CloseHandle(hThread_1);
 CloseHandle(hThread_2);
 Sleep(1000);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 return 0;
}

在COUNT比较大时，直接使用g_x++; 最后g_x得出的结果不会是COUNT的两倍，而且是一个不确定的数。这里的问题就是常见的资源抢占问题。因为g_x++;这句话在计算机执行时被分为三步执行。如果感兴趣了解为什么被分为三步就会出现问题，推荐去看看windows核心编程。这里不深究。

解决方法一，原子锁：

DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  //g_x++;
  InterlockedExchangeAdd(&g_x, 1);
 }
 return 0;
}

解决方法二，旋转锁，谨慎使用：

unsigned int g_fResourceInUse = 0;
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 while (InterlockedExchange(&g_fResourceInUse, 1) == 1)
  Sleep(0); //避免线程浪费CPU，及资源访问被拒绝。
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 InterlockedExchange(&g_fResourceInUse, 0);
 return 0;
}

解决方法三，关键段：

int main(void)
{
 HANDLE hThread_1 = NULL, hThread_2 = NULL;
 DWORD ThreadID_1, ThreadID_2;
 if (0)
 {
  InitializeCriticalSection(&g_cs);
 }else{
  InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount(&g_cs, 4000);
  SetCriticalSectionSpinCount(&g_cs, 5000);
 }
 hThread_1 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_1);
 hThread_2 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_2);
 CloseHandle(hThread_1);
 CloseHandle(hThread_2);
 Sleep(1000);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 DeleteCriticalSection(&g_cs);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}
CRITICAL_SECTION g_cs;
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 EnterCriticalSection(&g_cs);
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 LeaveCriticalSection(&g_cs);
 return 0;
}

解决方法四，Slim读写锁：

int main(void)
{
 SRWLOCK SRWLock;
 InitializeSRWLock(&SRWLock);
 AcquireSRWLockExclusive(&SRWLock);
 g_x++;
 ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(&SRWLock);
 AcquireSRWLockShared(&SRWLock);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 ReleaseSRWLockShared(&SRWLock);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}

解决方法五，等待函数和事件：

HANDLE hTdEvent;
int main(void)
{
 HANDLE hThread_1 = NULL, hThread_2 = NULL;
 DWORD ThreadID_1, ThreadID_2;
 hTdEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
 hThread_1 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_1);
 hThread_2 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_2);
 CloseHandle(hThread_1);
 CloseHandle(hThread_2);
 SetEvent(hTdEvent);
 Sleep(1000);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 WaitForSingleObject(hTdEvent, INFINITE);
 ResetEvent(hTdEvent);
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 SetEvent(hTdEvent);
 return 0;
}

解决方法六，信号量和等待函数，可用于服务器连接数达到上限时拒绝访问：

OpenSemaphore();
HANDLE hSemaphore;
int main(void)
{
 HANDLE hThread = NULL;
 DWORD ThreadID;
 if (1)
 {
  hSemaphore = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 1, 1, NULL);
 }else{
  hSemaphore = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 0, 1, NULL);
  ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
 }
 hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID);
 CloseHandle(hThread);
 Sleep(1);
 WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, INFINITE);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, INFINITE);
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
 return 0;
}

解决方法七，互斥锁/互斥量和等待函数：

#define MUTEX "MUTEX"
HANDLE hMutex;
int main(void)
{
 HANDLE hThread_1 = NULL, hThread_2 = NULL;
 DWORD ThreadID_1, ThreadID_2;
 hMutex = CreateMutex(NULL, 0, MUTEX);
 hThread_1 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_1);
 hThread_2 = CreateThread(NULL, 0, ThreadFunc, NULL, 0, &ThreadID_2);
 CloseHandle(hThread_1);
 CloseHandle(hThread_2);
 Sleep(1000);
 printf("%d\n", g_x);
 getchar();
 return 0;
}
DWORD WINAPI ThreadFunc(PVOID pPara)
{
 int tick = 0;
 WaitForSingleObject(hMutex, INFINITE);
 while (tick++ < COUNT)
 {
  g_x++;
 }
 ReleaseMutex(hMutex);
 return 0;
}