python12 模块
一个模块就是一个xxx.py文件
模块名起名的时候必须要遵循命名规则。
a1.py a_1.py a+1.py
在一个模块中可以存着多个变量，多个函数，多个类
如果B模块想使用A模块中的test函数，如何将A模块中test函数引入？
import 模块名
python 内置标准库中常用的模块有哪些？
random
import random
# 获取[0,1)之间的小数
ran = random.random()
print(ran) # 0.6322115963818896
code = ''
s = 'qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm1234567890QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM'
for i in range(4):
ran = random.choice(s)
print(ran)
code += ran
print(code)
'''
K
D
N
J
KDNJ
'''
names = ['京京', '宗老大', '坤坤', '阿涛']
name = random.choice(names)
print('表演节目的是:', name) # 表演节目的是: 阿涛
name = random.sample(names, 2) # 指定个数的随机获取元素
print('表演节目的是:', name) # 表演节目的是: ['宗老大', '阿涛']
r = random.randrange(1, 20) # 给定范围回去随机数randrange(start,stop,step=1)
print(r) # 7
r = random.randint(1, 20)
print(r) # 12
r = random.uniform(1, 20)
print(r) # 7.549143777340065
randrange与randint的区别：
- randrange为前闭后开区间，可以加step取值步长
- randint为闭区间
math
数学模块
方便一些数据计算
import math
print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793
r = 12.89636
print(math.ceil(r)) # 13 向上取整
print(math.floor(r)) # 12 向下取整
print(math.factorial(4)) # 12 阶乘
print(math.pow(4, 3)) # 16 pow(m,n) 表示的是m的n次方
print(math.fabs(-19.65)) # 19.65 绝对值
print(math.sqrt(10)) # 3.1622776601683795 开平方
print(abs(-19.65)) # 19.65 系统函数的绝对值
builtins
默认加载模块
print()
max()
list()
str()
id()
type()
os
开发中会涉及文件和路径的操作
import os
# 新建文件夹
os.mkdir('file') # 如果文件夹已经存在则报错 FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'file'
# 获取当前文件所在的位置（路径）
print(os.getcwd()) # /Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12
# 删除文件夹
os.rmdir('file') # 如果文件夹非空则报错 OSError: [Errno 66] Directory not empty: 'files'
# 删除文件
os.remove('file')
# 推荐删除文件夹，可以删除有内容的文件夹
import shutil
shutil.rmtree('file')
# 是否是文件夹
r = os.path.isdir('files')
print(r) # True
# 是否是文件判断
r = os.path.isfile('files')
print(r) # False
# 获取目录下的所有的子文件，删除文件
file_list = os.listdir('files')
print(file_list) # ['file.txt', 'file', 'py.py']
for i in file_list:
# os.path.join(path1,path2..) 拼接路径
path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'files', i)
print(path)
r = os.path.isdir(path)
print(r)
r = os.path.isfile(path)
print(r)
if os.path.isfile(path):
os.remove(path)
print('删除完毕')
'''
/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/files/file.txt
False
True
/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/files/file
True
False
/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/files/py.py
False
True
删除完毕
'''
file_list = os.listdir('files')
print(file_list) # ['file']
os.chdir('files') # 改变当前工作目录到指定的路径
open('a1.txt', 'w') # 文件操作，没有则新建
print(os.environ)
print(os.environ.get('OS')) # macOS没有OS
print(os.environ.get('PATH'))
'''
environ({'PATH': '/usr/local/mysql/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/opt/X11/bin', 'PYTHONPATH': '/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'WORKON_HOME': '/Users/zhangyifan/.virtualenvs', 'PYTHONIOENCODING': 'UTF-8', 'VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_HOOK_DIR': '/Users/zhangyifan/.virtualenvs', 'USER': 'zhangyifan', 'TMPDIR': '/var/folders/1m/sqn_23w50j56tjqn7xmbyznw0000gn/T/', 'SSH_AUTH_SOCK': '/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.FiwrBAwbwX/Listeners', 'DISPLAY': '/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.Dlf8iMYB2f/org.macosforge.xquartz:0', 'XPC_FLAGS': '0x0', 'PYTHONUNBUFFERED': '1', 'VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PROJECT_FILENAME': '.project', 'VERSIONER_PYTHON_VERSION': '2.7', 'VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_WORKON_CD': '1', '__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING': '0x1F5:0x19:0x34', 'LOGNAME': 'zhangyifan', 'LC_CTYPE': 'zh_CN.UTF-8', 'XPC_SERVICE_NAME': 'com.jetbrains.pycharm.1228', 'PWD': '/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12', 'PYCHARM_HOSTED': '1', 'HOME': '/Users/zhangyifan', '__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__': '/usr/local/bin/python3'})
None
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/opt/X11/bin
'''
path = os.path.abspath('files') # 绝对路径
print(path) # /Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/files
result = os.path.split(path) # 最后一个/分割
print(result) # ('/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12', 'files')
result = os.path.dirname(path) # 最后一个/之前
print(result) # /Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12
# __file__表示目前执行文件的路径
print(__file__) # /Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/模块os_6.py
path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
print(path) # /Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py
result = os.path.split(__file__)
print(result) # ('/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12', '模块os_6.py')
result = os.path.splitext(__file__) # 最后一个.分割
print(result) # ('/Users/zhangyifan/Desktop/python/py/p12/模块os_6', '.py')
result = os.path.splitext(__file__)
print(result[1]) # .py
time
import time
# 时间戳 1970-1-1 00:00:00 到现在毫秒值
print(time.time()) # 1580546820.1580968
time.sleep(1)
print(time.time()) # 1580546821.159769
print(time.asctime()) # Sat Feb 1 16:47:01 2020
t = time.localtime(time.time())
print(t) # time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=2, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=16, tm_min=50, tm_sec=58, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=32, tm_isdst=0)
print(time.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %a', t)) # 2020/02/01 16:50:58 Sat
'''
%Y year
%m month
%d day
%H 时
%M 分
%S 秒
'''
datetime
import datetime
# 获取当前日期时间，格式化后的
print(datetime.datetime.now()) # 2020-02-01 17:11:43.780367
print(datetime.datetime.now().hour) # 17
# 时间差
print(datetime.timedelta(days=5, minutes=10)) # 5 days, 0:10:00
last = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=4)
print(last) # 2020-01-28 17:11:43.781007
future = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=4)
print(future) # 2020-02-05 17:16:04.422009
t = datetime.time(hour=10, minute=3, second=30)
print(t) # 10:03:30
print(t.hour) # 10
d = datetime.date(year=2019, month=12, day=25)
print(d) # 2019-12-25
print(d.month) # 12
calendar
日历
import calendar
calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)
c = calendar.calendar(2020) # 生成2019年的日历，并且以周日为起始日期
print(c) # 打印2019年日历
'''
2020
January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31
April May June
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30
31
July August September
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30
30 31
October November December
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 27 28 29 30 31
'''
# 闰年判断
print(calendar.isleap(2020)) # True
print(calendar.month(2019, 12))
'''
December 2019
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
'''
uuid
唯一标识符
- uuid1() 时间戳+随机数+Mac地址 唯一
- uuid4() 随机数 会重复
import uuid
u1 = uuid.uuid1()
print(u1) # e320199a-44d1-11ea-818c-a45e60bf535f
print(type(u1)) # <class 'uuid.UUID'>
u1 = str(u1)
u1 = u1.replace('-', '')
print(u1) # e320199a44d111ea818ca45e60bf535f
u4 = uuid.uuid4()
print(u4) # a838116e-3c77-418a-8a0b-35db7422bbae
print(str(u4).replace('-', '')) # a838116e3c77418a8a0b35db7422bbae
# 基于名字的UUID MD5
print(uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'hello111')) # 0e30cbeb-2230-399c-b50e-88429d8bd9b4
# 基于名字的UUID SHA1
print(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'hello111')) # eb1b0499-40a5-5dcb-a8d3-4cb0e61cdaea
base64
加密
import base64
s = '小潘潘、冯提莫、葛雨晴'
r1 = base64.b16encode(s.encode('utf-8'))
r2 = base64.b85encode(s.encode('utf-8'))
print(r1) # b'E5B08FE6BD98E6BD98E38081E586AFE68F90E88EABE38081E8919BE99BA8E699B4'
print(r2) # b'<*<+Dy_n{`nB#zf<%X~3kC5n&tK)!y=#iW0o2cfQv;'
x1 = base64.b16decode(r1)
print(x1.decode('utf-8')) # 小潘潘、冯提莫、葛雨晴
x2 = base64.b85decode(r2)
print(x2.decode('utf-8')) # 小潘潘、冯提莫、葛雨晴
hashlib
- md5
步骤：
1. 创建md5对象
2. 将要加密的信息传递给update函数
3. 获取加密结果# 1.创建md5对象 md5 = hashlib.md5() # 2.将要加密的信息传递给update函数 s = '123456' md5.update(s.encode('utf-8')) # 3. 获取加密后结果 result = md5.hexdigest() print(result) # e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e # 第二种使用方式 s1 = '123456' md5 = hashlib.md5(s1.encode('utf-8')) result = md5.hexdigest() print(result) - sha1 sha256 sha512
sha1 = hashlib.sha1(s.encode('utf-8')) result = sha1.hexdigest() print(result) # 7c4a8d09ca3762af61e59520943dc26494f8941b sha256 = hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')) result = sha256.hexdigest() print(result) # 8d969eef6ecad3c29a3a629280e686cf0c3f5d5a86aff3ca12020c923adc6c92 sha512 = hashlib.sha512(s.encode('utf-8')) result = sha512.hexdigest() print(result) # ba3253876aed6bc22d4a6ff53d8406c6ad864195ed144ab5c87621b6c233b548baeae6956df346ec8c17f5ea10f35ee3cbc514797ed7ddd3145464e2a0bab413
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