均值不等式
证明：
( x 1 x 2 ⋯ x n ) 1 n ≤ x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x n n , x i ≥ 0 (x_1 x_2\cdots x_n)^{\frac{1}{n}} \le \frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}{n} \quad ,x_i\ge 0 (x1x2⋯xn)n1≤nx1+x2+⋯+xn,xi≥0当 n = 2 k n = 2^k n=2k时，归纳地
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\begin{aligned}(x_1x_2\cdots x_{2^k})^{\frac{1}{2^k}}&\le\frac{(x_1\cdots x_{2^{k-1}})^{\frac{1}{2^{k-1}}}+(x_{2^{k-1}+1}\cdots x_{2^k})^{\frac{1}{2^{k-1}}}}{2}\\&\le \frac{\frac{x_1+\cdots + x_{2^{k-1}}}{2^{k-1}}+\frac{x_{2^{k-1}+1}+\cdots x_{2^k}}{2^{k-1}}}{2}\\&=\frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots x_{2^k}}{2^k} \end{aligned}
(x1x2⋯x2k)2k1≤2(x1⋯x2k−1)2k−11+(x2k−1+1⋯x2k)2k−11≤22k−1x1+⋯+x2k−1+2k−1x2k−1+1+⋯x2k=2kx1+x2+⋯x2k
假设
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\begin{aligned}(x_1x_2\cdots x_{d-1})^{\frac1{d-1}}&=(x_1x_2\cdots x_{d-1}(x_1x_2\cdots x_{d-1})^{\frac1{d-1}})^{\frac{1}{d}}\\&\le\frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_{d-1}+(x_1x_2\cdots x_{d-1})^{\frac{1}{d-1}}}d\end{aligned}
(x1x2⋯xd−1)d−11=(x1x2⋯xd−1(x1x2⋯xd−1)d−11)d1≤dx1+x2+⋯+xd−1+(x1x2⋯xd−1)d−11
移项可得
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（x_1x_2\cdots x_{d-1}）\le\frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots x_{d-1}}{d-1}
（x1x2⋯xd−1）≤d−1x1+x2+⋯xd−1
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