4、DQL查询数据(最重点)
4.1 DQL(Data Query Language:数据库查询语言)
- 所有的查询操作都用它 Select
- 简单的查询,复杂的查询都能做
- 数据库中最核心的语言
- 使用频率最高
4.2 指定查询字段
-- 查询全部学生 SELECT 字段 FROM 表
SELECT * FROM student;
-- 查询指定字段
SELECT `studentNo`,`studentname`
FROM student;
-- 别名,给结果起一个名字, AS可以给字段取别名,也可以给表起别名
SELECT `studentNo`AS 学号,`studentname` AS 学生姓名
FROM student AS s;
-- 函数 Concat(a,b)
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',studentname)
AS 新名字
FROM student;
语法:SELECT 字段。。。from 表
- 有的时候,列的名字不是那么见名知意。我们起别名 AS 字段名 as 别名 表名 as 别名
去重 distinct
- 作用:去除select查询出来的结果中重复的数据,只显示一条
-- 查询全部学生 SELECT 字段 FROM 表
SELECT * FROM student;
-- 查询指定字段
SELECT `studentNo`,`studentname`
FROM student;
-- 别名,给结果起一个名字, AS可以给字段取别名,也可以给表起别名
SELECT `studentNo`AS 学号,`studentname` AS 学生姓名
FROM student AS s;
-- 函数 Concat(a,b)
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',studentname)
AS 新名字
FROM student;
-- 查询一下有哪些同学参加了考试,成绩
SELECT * FROM result ; -- 查询全部的考试成绩
-- 查询哪些同学参加了考试
SELECT `studentno` AS 学号 FROM result;
-- 发现重复数据,去重
SELECT DISTINCT `studentno` FROM result;
数据库的列(表达式)
SELECT VERSION(); -- 查询系统版本(函数)
SELECT 100*3-1 AS 计算结果; -- 用来计算(表达式)
SELECT @@auto_increment_increment; -- 查询自增步长(变量)
-- 学员考试成绩+1分查看
SELECT `studentno`,`studentresult`+1 AS '提分后'
FROM result;
数据库表达式 : 文本值,列,null,函数,计算表达式,系统变量。。。
4.3 where条件子句
作用: 检索数据中符合条件的值
逻辑运算符
- and(&&),or(||),not(!)
SELECT studentNo,studentresult FROM result;
-- 查询考试成绩在95-100之间的
SELECT studentNo,studentresult FROM result
WHERE `studentresult`>= 95 AND `studentresult`<=100;
-- 模糊查询
SELECT studentNo,studentresult FROM result
WHERE `studentresult` BETWEEN 95 AND 100;
-- 除了1000号学生之外的同学的成绩
SELECT studentNo,studentresult FROM result
WHERE studentno !=1000;
SELECT studentNo,studentresult FROM result
WHERE NOT studentno = 1000;
模糊查询
比较运算符
-
is NULL a is null
如果操作符为null,结果为真 -
iS NOT NULL a is not null
如果操作符为not null,结果为真 -
between and a between b and c
如果a在b和c之间,则结果为真 -
like a like b
sql匹配,如果a匹配b,则结果为真 -
in a in (a1,a2,a3)
假设a在a1,或者a2…其中的某一个值中,则结果为真
-- -==========模糊查询=========
-- 查询姓张的同学
-- like集合 %(代表0到任意一个字符)_(一个字符)
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `studentname` LIKE '张%';
-- 查询姓赵的同学,名字后面只有一个字的
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `studentname` LIKE '赵_';
-- 查询姓刘的同学,名字后面只有两个字的
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `studentname` LIKE '刘__';
-- 查询名字中有德字同学,名字后面只有两个字的
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `studentname` LIKE '%德%';
-- ----------in--------------
-- 查询 1001,1002,1003号学院
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `studentno` IN (1001,1000,10001);
-- 查询在北京的学生
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `Address` IN ('广东深圳','北京朝阳');
-- =========null not null===========
-- 查询地址为空的学生 null
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `Address` = '' OR `Address` IS NULL;
-- 查询有出生日期的同学
SELECT `studentno`,`studentname`
FROM student
WHERE `borndate` IS NOT NULL;
4.4 连表查询
- inner join : 如果表中至少有一个匹配,就返回行
- left join: 会从左表中返回所有的值,即使右表中没有匹配
- right join:会从左表中返回所有的值,即使右表中没有匹配
-- ==========联表查询=======
-- 查询参加了考试的同学(学号、姓名、科目编号、分数)
SELECT * FROM student;
SELECT * FROM result;
/*
思路
1.分析需求,分析查询的字段来自哪些表,(连接查询)
2.确定使用哪种连接查询?7种
确定交叉点(两个表中哪个数据是相同的)
判断条件 学生表中的studentno == 成绩表studentno
*/
-- 连接查询 join(连接的表) on
-- 等值查询 where
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,studentresult
FROM student AS s
INNER JOIN result AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno;
-- right join
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,studentresult
FROM student AS s
RIGHT JOIN result AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno;
-- left join
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,studentresult
FROM student AS s
LEFT JOIN result AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno;
-- 查询缺考的同学-------
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,studentresult
FROM student AS s
LEFT JOIN result AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno
WHERE studentresult IS NULL;
-- 思考题(查询参加考试的学生信息:学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数)
/*
用了哪些表? student,subject,result
*/
SELECT s.studentno AS 学生学号, studentname AS 学生姓名,subjectname AS 科目名,studentresult AS 分数
FROM student AS s
RIGHT JOIN result AS r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN SUBJECT AS sub
ON r.subjectno =sub.subjectno
-- left join a left join b 以a为准
-- right join a right join b 以b为准
- 自连接
1.自己的表和自己的表连接,核心:一张表拆成两张一样的表即可
CREATE TABLE `catefory`(
`catogoryid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主题id',
`pid` INT(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '父id',
`catogoryName` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '主题名字',
PRIMARY KEY (`catogoryid`)
)ENGINE= INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT = 9 DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
INSERT INTO `catefory` (`catogoryid`,`pid`,`catogoryName`)
VALUES('2','1','信息技术'),
('3','1','软件开发'),
('4','3','数据库'),
('5','1','美术设计'),
('6','3','web开发'),
('7','5','ps技术'),
('8','2','办公信息');
-- 查询父子信息:把一张表看成两张一模一样的表
SELECT a.`catogoryName` AS '父栏目',b.`catogoryName` AS '子栏目'
FROM `catefory` AS a,`catefory` AS b
WHERE a.catogoryid =b.pid;
-- 查询学员所属的年级(学号,学生的姓名,年级名称)
SELECT `studentno` AS '学号',`studentname` AS '学生姓名',
`gradename` AS '年级名称'
FROM student s
INNER JOIN `grade` g
ON s.gradeid = g.gradeid;
-- 查询科目所属的年级(科目名称,年级名称)
SELECT `subjectname` AS '科目名称', `gradename` AS '年级名称'
FROM `grade` AS g
INNER JOIN `subject` AS s
ON g.gradeid = s.gradeid;
-- 查询参加高等数学-1考试的学生信息:学号,学生姓名,科目名,分数
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno` AS '学号',`studentname` AS '学生姓名',
`studentresult` AS '分数',`subjectname` AS '科目名'
FROM `student` AS s
INNER JOIN `result` AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` AS sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectName= '高等数学-1';
`
4.5 分页和排序
- 排序
-- 分页和排序
-- 排序: 升序:asc 降序:desc
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno` AS '学号',`studentname` AS '学生姓名',
`studentresult` AS '分数',`subjectname` AS '科目名'
FROM `student` AS s
INNER JOIN `result` AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` AS sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectName= '高等数学-1'
ORDER BY studentresult ASC;
-- 100万数据
-- 为什么要分页?
-- 缓解数据库压力,给人的体验更好,瀑布流
-- 分页分页只显示五条数据
-- 语法: limit 起始页,页面的大小
-- 网页应用: 当前页 总页数 页面大小
-- limit 0,5 1~5
-- limit 1,5 2~6
-- limit 6,5
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno` AS '学号',`studentname` AS '学生姓名',
`studentresult` AS '分数',`subjectname` AS '科目名'
FROM `student` AS s
INNER JOIN `result` AS r
ON s.studentno = r.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` AS sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectName= '高等数学-1'
ORDER BY studentresult ASC;
LIMIT 5,5
-- 第一页 limit 0,5(pagesize)
-- 第二页 limit 5,5
-- 第三页 limit 10,5
-- 第四页 limit 15,5
-- 第五页 limit 20,5
-- ........
-- 第n页 limit (n-1)*pageSizes,pageSizes
-- 【pageSizes: 页面大小, n: 当前页, (n-1)*pageSize起始值】
-- 【数据总数/页面大小= 总页数】
-- 思考; java第一学年课程成绩排名前十的同学,并且分数大于80的学生信息
-- 学号,姓名,课程名称,分数
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno` AS '学号',`studentname` AS '学生姓名',
`studentresult` AS '分数',`subjectname` AS '科目名'
FROM `student` AS s
INNER JOIN `result` AS r
ON s.studentno =r.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` AS sub
ON r.subjectno= sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname = 'C语言-1' AND studentresult>40
ORDER BY studentresult DESC
LIMIT 0,10
4.6 子查询
where(这个值是计算出来的)
本质: 在where语句中嵌套一个子查询
-- 1、查询C语言-1的所有考试结果(学号、科目编号、成绩),降序排列
-- 方式一:使用连接查询
SELECT studentno,sub.subjectno,studentresult
FROM `result` r
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE `subjectname` = 'C语言-1'
-- 方式二:使用子查询()
SELECT studentno,subjectno,studentresult
FROM `result`
WHERE subjectno=(
SELECT subjectno
FROM `subject`
WHERE subjectname= 'C语言-1'
)
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC
-- 分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno`,`studentname`
FROM `student` s
INNER JOIN `result` r
ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
WHERE `studentresult`>80
-- 在这个基础上增加一个科目,高等数学-2
-- 查询 高等数学-2的编号
SELECT DISTINCT s.`studentno`,`studentname`
FROM `student` s
INNER JOIN `result` r
ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
WHERE `studentresult`>80 AND `subjectno`= (
SELECT `subjectno`
FROM `subject`
WHERE `subjectname` = '高等数学-2'
)
-- 查询课程为高等数学-2且分数不小于80 分的同学的学号和姓名
SELECT s.`studentno` , `studentname`
FROM `student` s
INNER JOIN `result` r
ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.`subjectno` = sub.`subjectno`
WHERE `subjectname` = '高等数学-2' AND `studentresult`>80
-- 再改造(由里及外)
SELECT s.`studentno` , `studentname` FROM `student` s WHERE `studentno` IN (
SELECT `studentno` FROM `result` WHERE `studentresult`> 80 AND `subjectno` = (
SELECT `subjectname` FROM `subject` WHERE `subjectname` = '高等数学-2'
)
)
-- 查询 C语言-1前五名同学的成绩的信息(学号,姓名,分数)
-- 方法1
SELECT s.`studentno`, `studentname`,`studentresult`
FROM `student` s
INNER JOIN `result` r
ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.`subjectno` = sub.`subjectno`
WHERE `subjectname` = 'C语言-1'
ORDER BY `studentresult` DESC
LIMIT 0,5
-- 方法2
SELECT s.`studentno`,`studentname`,`studentresult`
FROM `student` s
INNER JOIN `result` r
ON s.`studentno` = r.`studentno`
WHERE `subjectno` = (
SELECT `subjectno` FROM `subject`
WHERE `subjectname` = 'C语言-1'
LIMIT 0,5
)