NumPy学习大作业
本次练习使用 鸢尾属植物数据集 .\iris.data ，在这个数据集中，包括了三类不同的鸢尾属植物：
Iris Setosa，Iris Versicolour，Iris Virginica。每类收集了50个样本，因此这个数据集一共包含了
150个样本。
- sepallength：萼片长度
- sepalwidth：萼片宽度
- petallength：花瓣长度
- petalwidth：花瓣宽度
以上四个特征的单位都是厘米（cm）。
sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth species
0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 Iris-setosa
3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
.. ... ... ... ... ...
145 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 Iris-virginica
146 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 Iris-virginica
147 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 Iris-virginica
148 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 Iris-virginica
149 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 Iris-virginica
[150 rows x 5 columns]
1. 导入鸢尾属植物数据集，保持文本不变。
【知识点：输入和输出】
- 如何导入存在数字和文本的数据集？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
print(iris_data[0:10])
# [['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']]
2. 求出鸢尾属植物萼片长度的平均值、中位数和标准差（第1列，sepallength）
【知识点：统计相关】
- 如何计算numpy数组的均值，中位数，标准差？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
sepalLength = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0])
print(sepalLength[0:10])
# [4.9 4.7 4.6 5. 5.4 4.6 5. 4.4 4.9 5.4]
print(np.mean(sepalLength))
# 5.8483221476510066
print(np.median(sepalLength))
# 5.8
print(np.std(sepalLength))
# 0.8258088592766593
3. 创建一种标准化形式的鸢尾属植物萼片长度，其值正好介于0和1之间，这样最小值为0，最大值为1（第1列，sepallength）。
【知识点：统计相关】
- 如何标准化数组？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
sepalLength = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0])
# 方法1
aMax = np.amax(sepalLength)
aMin = np.amin(sepalLength)
x = (sepalLength - aMin) / (aMax - aMin)
print(x[0:10])
# [0.16666667 0.11111111 0.08333333 0.19444444 0.30555556 0.08333333
# 0.19444444 0.02777778 0.16666667 0.30555556]
# 方法2
x = (sepalLength - aMin) / np.ptp(sepalLength)
print(x[0:10])
# [0.16666667 0.11111111 0.08333333 0.19444444 0.30555556 0.08333333
# 0.19444444 0.02777778 0.16666667 0.30555556]
4. 找到鸢尾属植物萼片长度的第5和第95百分位数（第1列，sepallength）。
【知识点：统计相关】
- 如何找到numpy数组的百分位数？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
sepalLength = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0])
x = np.percentile(sepalLength, [5, 95])
print(x) # [4.6 7.26]
5. 把iris_data数据集中的20个随机位置修改为np.nan值。
【知识点：随机抽样】
- 如何在数组中的随机位置修改值？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
# 方法1
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
i, j = iris_data.shape
np.random.seed(20201128)
iris_data[np.random.randint(i, size=20), np.random.randint(j, size=20)] = np.nan
print(iris_data[0:10])
# [['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']]
# 方法2
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
i, j = iris_data.shape
np.random.seed(20201128)
iris_data[np.random.choice(i, size=20), np.random.choice(j, size=20)] = np.nan
print(iris_data[0:10])
# [['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']]
6. 在iris_data的sepallength中查找缺失值的个数和位置（第1列）。
【知识点：逻辑函数、搜索】
- 如何在numpy数组中找到缺失值的位置？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2,3])
i, j = iris_data.shape
np.random.seed(20201128)
iris_data[np.random.randint(i, size=20), np.random.randint(j, size=20)] = np.nan
sepallength = iris_data[:, 0]
x = np.isnan(sepallength)
print(sum(x))
# 4
print(np.where(x))
# (array([ 23, 72, 74, 107], dtype=int64),)
7. 筛选具有 sepallength（第1列）< 5.0 并且 petallength（第3列）> 1.5 的 iris_data行。
【知识点：搜索】
- 如何根据两个或多个条件筛选numpy数组？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
sepallength = iris_data[:, 0]
petallength = iris_data[:, 2]
index = np.where(np.logical_and(petallength > 1.5, sepallength < 5.0))
print(iris_data[index])
# [[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
# [4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
# [4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
# [4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
# [4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
# [4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]]
8. 选择没有任何 nan 值的 iris_data行。
【知识点：逻辑函数、搜索】
- 如何从numpy数组中删除包含缺失值的行？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
i, j = iris_data.shape
np.random.seed(20201128)
iris_data[np.random.randint(i, size=20), np.random.randint(j, size=20)] = np.nan
x = iris_data[np.sum(np.isnan(iris_data), axis=1) == 0]
print(x[0:10])
# [[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
# [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
# [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
# [5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
# [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
# [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
# [5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
# [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
# [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
# [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]]
9. 计算 iris_data 中sepalLength（第1列）和petalLength（第3列）之间的相关系数。
【知识点：统计相关】
- 如何计算numpy数组两列之间的相关系数？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
sepalLength = iris_data[:, 0]
petalLength = iris_data[:, 2]
# 方法1
m1 = np.mean(sepalLength)
m2 = np.mean(petalLength)
cov = np.dot(sepalLength - m1, petalLength - m2)
std1 = np.sqrt(np.dot(sepalLength - m1, sepalLength - m1))
std2 = np.sqrt(np.dot(petalLength - m2, petalLength - m2))
print(cov / (std1 * std2))
# 0.8712829406718028
# 方法2
x = np.mean((sepalLength - m1) * (petalLength - m2))
y = np.std(sepalLength) * np.std(petalLength)
print(x / y)
# 0.871282940671803
# 方法3
x = np.cov(sepalLength, petalLength, ddof=False)
y = np.std(sepalLength) * np.std(petalLength)
print(x[0, 1] / y)
# 0.8712829406718028
# 方法4
x = np.corrcoef(sepalLength, petalLength)
print(x)
# [[1. 0.87128294]
# [0.87128294 1. ]]
10. 找出iris_data是否有任何缺失值。
【知识点：逻辑函数】
- 如何查找给定数组是否具有空值？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
x = np.isnan(iris_data)
print(np.any(x))
# False
11. 在numpy数组中将所有出现的nan替换为0。
【知识点：逻辑函数】
- 如何在numpy数组中用0替换所有缺失值？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
i, j = iris_data.shape
np.random.seed(20201128)
iris_data[np.random.randint(i, size=20), np.random.randint(j, size=20)] = np.nan
iris_data[np.isnan(iris_data)] = 0
print(iris_data[0:10])
# [[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
# [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
# [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
# [5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
# [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
# [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
# [5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
# [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
# [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
# [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]]
12. 找出鸢尾属植物物种中的唯一值和唯一值出现的数量。
【知识点：数组操作】
- 如何在numpy数组中查找唯一值的计数？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[4])
x = np.unique(iris_data, return_counts=True)
print(x)
# (array(['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'], dtype=object), array([49, 50, 50], dtype=int64))
13. 将 iris_data 的花瓣长度（第3列）以形成分类变量的形式显示。定义：Less than 3 --> ‘small’；3-5 --> ‘medium’；’>=5 --> ‘large’。
【知识点：统计相关】
- 如何将数字转换为分类（文本）数组？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
petal_length_bin = np.digitize(iris_data[:, 2], [0, 3, 5, 10])
label_map = {1: 'small', 2: 'medium', 3: 'large', 4: np.nan}
petal_length_cat = [label_map[x] for x in petal_length_bin]
print(petal_length_cat[0:10])
# ['small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small', 'small']
14. 在 iris_data 中创建一个新列，其中 volume 是 (pi x petallength x sepallength ^ 2）/ 3。
【知识点：数组操作】
- 如何从numpy数组的现有列创建新列？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
sepalLength = iris_data[:, 0].astype(float)
petalLength = iris_data[:, 2].astype(float)
volume = (np.pi * petalLength * sepalLength ** 2) / 3
volume = volume[:, np.newaxis]
iris_data = np.concatenate([iris_data, volume], axis=1)
print(iris_data[0:10])
# [['4.9' '3.0' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 35.200498485922445]
# ['4.7' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 30.0723720777127]
# ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 33.238050274980004]
# ['5.0' '3.6' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 36.65191429188092]
# ['5.4' '3.9' '1.7' '0.4' 'Iris-setosa' 51.911677007917746]
# ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa' 31.022180256648003]
# ['5.0' '3.4' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 39.269908169872416]
# ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 28.38324242763259]
# ['4.9' '3.1' '1.5' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa' 37.714819806345474]
# ['5.4' '3.7' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa' 45.80442088933919]]
15. 随机抽鸢尾属植物的种类，使得Iris-setosa的数量是Iris-versicolor和Iris-virginica数量的两倍。
【知识点：随机抽样】
- 如何在numpy中进行概率抽样？
import numpy as np
species = np.array(['Iris‐setosa', 'Iris‐versicolor', 'Iris‐virginica'])
species_out = np.random.choice(species, 10000, p=[0.5, 0.25, 0.25])
print(np.unique(species_out, return_counts=True))
# (array(['Iris‐setosa', 'Iris‐versicolor', 'Iris‐virginica'], dtype='<U15'), array([4952, 2566, 2482], dtype=int64))
16. 根据 sepallength 列对数据集进行排序。
【知识点：排序】
- 如何按列对2D数组进行排序？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
sepalLength = iris_data[:, 0]
index = np.argsort(sepalLength)
print(iris_data[index][0:10])
# [['4.3' '3.0' '1.1' '0.1' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '3.2' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '3.0' '1.3' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.4' '2.9' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.5' '2.3' '1.3' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.2' '1.4' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.1' '1.5' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.4' '1.4' '0.3' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.6' '3.6' '1.0' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']
# ['4.7' '3.2' '1.6' '0.2' 'Iris-setosa']]
17. 在鸢尾属植物数据集中找到最常见的花瓣长度值（第3列）。
【知识点：数组操作】
- 如何在numpy数组中找出出现次数最多的值？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=object, delimiter=',', skiprows=1)
petalLength = iris_data[:, 2]
vals, counts = np.unique(petalLength, return_counts=True)
print(vals[np.argmax(counts)])
# 1.5
print(np.amax(counts))
# 14
18. 在鸢尾花数据集的 petalwidth（第4列）中查找第一次出现的值大于1.0的位置。
【知识点：搜索】
- 如何找到第一次出现大于给定值的位置？
import numpy as np
outfile = r'.\iris.data'
iris_data = np.loadtxt(outfile, dtype=float, delimiter=',', skiprows=1, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3])
petalWidth = iris_data[:, 3]
index = np.where(petalWidth > 1.0)
print(index)
# (array([ 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64,
# 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79,
# 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94,
# 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
# 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
# 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
# 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,
# 147, 148], dtype=int64),)
print(index[0][0])
# 49
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