python爬虫之Scrapy框架:两种随机选择User-Agent的方法

修改请求时的User-Agent一般有两种思路:

一是修改setting中的User-Agent变量(适用于极少量的agent更换,一般不采用);另一种就是通过Downloader Middleware的process_request()方法来修改,即在middlewares.py里面添加一个RandomUserAgentMiddleware的类.

首先介绍下scrapy框架默认的UserAgentMiddleware:

from scrapy import signals
class UserAgentMiddleware(object):
    '''
    设置User-Agent
    '''

    def __init__(self, user_agent='Scrapy'):
        self.user_agent = user_agent

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        o = cls(crawler.setting['USER-AGENT'])
        crawler.signals.connect(o.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return o

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        self.user_agent = getattr(spider, 'user-agent', self.user_agent)

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        if self.user_agent:
            request.headers.setdefault(b'User-Agent', self.user_agent)

在不设置agent时,调用时返回的agent为:

"User-Agent": "Scrapy/1.5.0 (+https://scrapy.org)"

下面设置,介绍第二种思路的添加UserAgentMiddleware的类的三种形式:

1.第一种方法:

在useragent文件下新增加一个