相位跟踪;CPE的估计与补偿


前言

相位噪声主要由本地振荡电路引入。相位噪声会在所有子载波上引入相同的相位旋转,即公共相位误差(Common Phase Error,CPE),这会导致所有子载波上的调制星座点以固定角度旋转,对解调造成影响。


一、CPE 估计与补偿

在NR中,利用DM-RS得到的信道估计结果本身就包含了CPE的影响,但是不同的OFDM符号上的CPE是不同的,若直接利用DM-RS信道估计的结果去均衡不同OFDM符号上的数据,结果肯定会受到CPE变化量的影响。
如果每个OFDM符号上都映射了DM-RS符号,那么就不存在这个问题。但是,在每个OFDM符号上映射DM-RS会导致开销的增加。所以NR中设计了相位跟踪参考信号(PT-RS)用来实现对CPE的估计和补偿。估计和补偿的其实是数据所在的OFDM符号与DM-RS所在符号之间的CPE变化量。

1.估计基本原理

假设DM-RS所在OFDM符号 l l l,子载波 k k k的信道估计结果为:
H ^ k , l D M − R S = H k , l e j ϕ l + Z k , l \hat H_{k,l}^{DM-RS}=H_{k,l}e^{j\phi_l }+Z_{k,l} H^k,lDMRS=Hk,lejϕl+Zk,l H k , l H_{k,l} Hk,l为真实的信道估计值, ϕ l \phi_l ϕl为符号 l l l处的CPE, Z k , l Z_{k,l} Zk,l为信道估计误差;
PT-RS所在的OFDM符号 d d d,子载波 k k k的信道估计结果可以表示为:
H ^ k , d P T − R S = H k , d e j ϕ d + Z k , d \hat H_{k,d}^{PT-RS}=H_{k,d}e^{j\phi_d }+Z_{k,d} H^k,dPTRS=Hk,dejϕd+Zk,d H k , d H_{k,d} Hk,d为真实的信道估计值, ϕ d \phi_d ϕd为符号 d d d处的CPE;假设实际信道从符号 l l l到符号 d d d保持不变,并忽略信道估计误差的影响,则从符号 l l l到符号 d d d的CPE的变化量为: Δ C P E = a r g ( H ^ k , d P T − R S ∗ c o n j ( H ^ k , l D M − R S ) ) \Delta CPE=arg(\hat H_{k,d}^{PT-RS}*conj(\hat H_{k,l}^{DM-RS})) ΔCPE=arg(H^k,dPTRSconj(H^k,lDMRS)) = ϕ d − ϕ l =\phi_d-\phi_l =ϕdϕl

2.补偿跟踪

因为CPE变化量对两个OFDM符号的每个子载波都相同,OFDM符号 d d d的每个子载波的信道估计值可以根据OFDM符号 l l l的信道估计结果得到 H ^ : , d = H ^ : , l D M − R S e j Δ C P E \hat H_{:,d}=\hat H_{:,l}^{DM-RS}e^{j\Delta CPE } H^:,d=H^:,lDMRSejΔCPE之后对数据进行均衡,得到正确的结果。

在WiFi6中也有类似的处理方法,用来信道估计的为HE-LTF,而Data所在的OFDM符号中存在pilots,此pilots可以用来CPE变化量的估计和补偿。

二、步骤

以WiFi6链路为例,CPE的估计与补偿步骤如下:
1)根据带宽、OFDM符号个数等信息产生本地导频序列 P k P_k Pk
2)OFDM解调,抽取导频子载波所在位置的信道估计值 H k H_k Hk以及接收端的导频值 y P k y_{P_k} yPk
3)估计接收端导频值: y ^ P k = H k ∗ P k \hat y_{P_k}=H_k*P_k y^Pk=HkPk4)每个符号计算CPE变化量 和AE Δ C P E = a r g ( ∑ r x ∑ k y P k ∗ y ^ P k ∗ ) \Delta CPE=arg(\sum_{rx}\sum_{k}y_{P_k}*\hat y_{P_k}^*) ΔCPE=arg(rxkyPky^Pk) A E = ∑ k ∣ ∣ y P k ∣ / ∣ y ^ P k ∣ ∣ K AE=\frac{\sum_{k}\left|\left|y_{P_k}\right|/\left|\hat y_{P_k}\right|\right|}{K} AE=KkyPk/y^Pk

相位跟踪: y = y ∗ e − j Δ C P E / A E y=y*e^{-j\Delta CPE}/AE y=yejΔCPE/AE

部分代码如下:
在这里插入图片描述


总结

估计和补偿的其实是符号之间的CPE变化量。

  • 2
    点赞
  • 9
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 1
    评论
室内定位算法,有助于研究者认清研究方向,给定位算法一个准确的描述,是很好的参考教材。the possibility for the user to be notified by visible and Waveformof Distance audible warnings using buzzer and led ar to Very close to al 1903 Tme「 samples Fig 4 Distance measurement using the RSSi signal The system is used to determine the distance between Fig. 2. Tag4M Data Acquisition System tags and 2, 3, 4 or more APs. The tag scans after the aps ⅣV. EXPERIMENTS and sends the rssi values for each ap to the ap which is associated The system presented above can be used for objects or In order to read the corresponding rSsi values of all people localization in an indoor enviro found access points, a""operation is implemented at Let's suppose a building where several objects are Tag4M level. The time to scan is smaller than few distributed all over milliseconds, because the tag doesnt associate with the all For a better understanding of the system, it is showed an APs. These values are sent to a pC where the localization experiment where the objects are placed only at one floor. algorithm is implemented in LabVIFW20 10 (see Fig. 5) Each of these objects has attached a tag. The devices are Table I presents a scan operation result. In this case used to determine the location of the objects in the four APs(which are placed in the floor building)named building and the distance between tags and APs. To Hawk, Helicopter, Tag4M and WitagServer are detected measure the distance, the RSSI is processed. This method The corresponding rSSi values(in dBm) measured by the is not very accurate and is strong depended to the Tag4M are reported for every AP environment, but is very easy to implement with the TABLE 1. A SEQUENCE OF RESULTS FOR THE SCANOPERATION The Fig 3 presents the experiment environment for one EXFCUTED ON THE TAG4M DEVICE oor where the colored circles represents the APs and the rectangles represents the objects intended to be located This floor is divided in six rooms separated by walls RSSI Scan results: 4 Time Ssid Ch ad-Iloc Sec wps mac Address erp WMM SSI Supported Rates(Mbits, Mandatory) Crypto Suites CW Max/min AP SCAN. llawk. -57 dBm AP SCAN, Helicopter, -50 dBm, AP SCAN, Tag4M.-68 dBm AP SCAN. WitagServer. -45 dBm The Rssi values are converted to distance values using formula(1) The value of the received signal strength is a function of the transmitted power and the distance between the Fig 3. The Experiment Environment sender and the receiver. The received signal strength will decrease when the distance increases as the following First step in finding the location is distance equation shows [23] measurement using the RSSI signal. The experiment for computing the distance is presented in Fig. 4. The RSSI(IOn- logo+A)(1) experimental precisions of measurements are less than 5 meters Where: lal propagation constant al d propagation exponent. d represents the distance from sender, A represents the received signal strength at a distance of one meter worn even by people. The system runs on batterie w sSID having a characteristic life time of a couple of years and 回H offers a platform for sensor measurements. Thus, the system can use any existent infrastructure, with significant decrease of implementation costs REFERENCES [1] H. Liu, H. Darabi, P. Banerjee and J. Liu, ""Survey of wireless Distance 2 Tn] aRch Indoor Positioning Techniques and SystemS", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS. MAN. AND CYBERNETICS-PART C: APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS VOL 37, NO 6, NOVEMBER 2007, pp. 1067-10801 Distance 3[] [2 Want, A. Hopper, V. FalcaO, J. Gibbons, "The Active Budge 4MDastDct v Location System, ACM Transactions on Information Systems vol. 10, no l, January 1992, pp 91-102. Fig. 5. Block Diagram of the localization program [3] Firefly Motion Tracking System User's guide", vcrsion 2.2 December 1999 http://www.gesturecentral.com/firefly/fireflyuserguide.pdf The application compute the distances between the Wi- [4] Northen Digilal Inc. Website, Oplotrak PROseries, 2011 Fi Tags placed on targets and the APs placed in indoor http:/www.ndigital.com/industrial/optotrakproseries-family.php [5] E. Aitenbichler, M. Mhlhuser, An /R Local Positioning System for environment. For this case, three APs are enough but the Smart Items and Devices Proc. 23rd IEEE Internationa number of Aps can be increased for obtaining more Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops accurate position estimation. The distances between the TWSAWC03), 2003 Wi-fiTagsandeachAparerepresentedascirclesasit[6]topaz,2004,http:/www.tadlys.co.il/pAges/productcontent.asp?igi bald=2 can be seen in Fig. 6, having the centre in the AP locations [7 A. Kotanen, M. Hannikainen, H. Leppakoski, and T. D which have previously known coordinates. The target's Hamalaincn, E.cperiments on local positioning with Bluetoothin position is given by the point at the intersection of the Proc. IEEE Int Conf. Inf. Technol. Comput. Commun., Apr 2003 three circles PP.297-303 [8 J. Hallberg, M. Nilsson, and k. Synnes, "Positioning with Bluetooth"in Proc. Ieee 10th Int Conf. Telecommun. Mar. 2003 ol.2,pp.954958 9 Active bat website. 2008 http:/www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research!dtg/attarchive/bat/ [10] Hazas, M, Hopper, A, "A Novel Brucdbund Ultrasonic Locution System for Improved Indoor Positioning IEEE Transactions on mobile Computing. Vol 5, No 5, May 2006 [11 N B Priyantha, The Cricket Indoor Location System", PhD thes MIT.2005 2]SonitorSystemWebsite2011,http://www.sonitor.com/ [13] Minami M, Fukuju Y, Hirasawa K, Yokoyama S, Mizumachi M Aoyama T ,"Dolphin. A practical approach for implementing a fully distributed indoor ultrasonic positioning system", Ubicomp, 2004, 347-365 Fig. 6. Front Panel of the localization program 14]J. Ilightower, R. Want, and G. borriello, SpotON: An indoor 3D cation sensing technology hased on RF signal strength"Univ The simplicity and cost efficiency of the rssi based Washington, Seattle, Tech Rep UW CSE 2000-02-02, Feb. 2000 localization make the proposed system a desired candidate 15]L. M. Ni, Y. Liu, Y. C. Lau, and A. P. Patil,"LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID Wireless Netw., vol 10, no 6 for specific applications like tracking and positioning svstems hP.701-70.N0v.200 Zebra Technologies Corporation eb sit http://www.7ebra.com/id/zebra/na/en/index/products/location/isoie c 24730 2html V. CONCLUSION [17 P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An in-building rf based user location and tracking system, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, voL 2 In this paper, an indoor localization system based on March200,pp.775784 ultra-low power Wi-Fi technology and designed to 18Ekahau2011,http://www.ekahau.com: [19] T. King, S. Kopf, T. Haenselmann, C. Lubberger and w determine location of objects in a closed environment is Effelsberg, "COMPASS: A Probabilistic Indoor Positioning System proposed gILo rOC In the first part of this paper a survey of existing indoor Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation and Cllaracterization (WiNTECID), Los Angeles, CA, USA positioning systems was made In the second part was presented the way in which an [20] Convert sensor data to web pages using a Cloud Instrument, june object can be localized by using access points and Tag 4M 2011.http://www.tag4m.com devices which may read the rssi values [21Tag4mDatasheet2010,http://test.tag4m.com/wp- content/uploads/20/03/Tag4M Prod Datasheet Revised3. pdf The importance of the proposed system lies in ultra-low [22] Aamodt, K.(2006). CC2431 Location Engine, Application Note power and Wi-Fi transmission capabilities that are An042,fromhttp://focus.tii.co.ip/ip/lit/an/swra095/swra095.pdf embedded in a very small package, why they are suitable 320
评论 1
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值