pat 甲级 图 A1146 Topological Order (25分)有向图 拓扑序列

该问题要求编写程序判断给定的有向图序列是否为拓扑排序。输入包含图的顶点数、边数及多个查询序列,输出不符合拓扑排序条件的查询序列下标。
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1146 Topological Order (25分)

This is a problem given in the Graduate Entrance Exam in 2018: Which of the following is NOT a topological order obtained from the given directed graph? Now you are supposed to write a program to test each of the options.

gre.jpg

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line gives two positive integers N (≤ 1,000), the number of vertices in the graph, and M (≤ 10,000), the number of directed edges. Then M lines follow, each gives the start and the end vertices of an edge. The vertices are numbered from 1 to N. After the graph, there is another positive integer K (≤ 100). Then K lines of query follow, each gives a permutation of all the vertices. All the numbers in a line are separated by a space.

Output Specification:

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有向图的拓扑排序是一种将中顶点按照依赖关系线性排列的方式,如果存在一条从u到v的有向边,那么在结果序列中,u会出现在v之前。这种排序通常应用于任务调度、数据流程析等场景,保证了所有依赖于其他任务的任务都在其依赖完成之后。 在C++中,你可以使用深度优先搜索(DFS)或广度优先搜索(BFS)算法来寻找拓扑序列。这里提供一种基于DFS的简单实现: ```cpp #include <vector> #include <queue> // 结构定义 using namespace std; struct Edge { int from, to; }; class Graph { private: vector<vector<int>> adj; // 存储邻接表 public: void addEdge(int u, int v) { adj[u].push_back(v); } bool isSafe(vector<int>& topo, int node) { // 检查是否存在环 for (int i : adj[node]) if (topo[i] > topo[node]) return false; return true; } vector<int> topologicalSort() { vector<int> topo(adj.size(), 0); // 初始化拓扑序列表 queue<int> q; int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < adj.size(); ++i) if (!adj[i].size()) // 找到入度为0的节点(开始) q.push(i), topo[i] = ++count; while (!q.empty()) { int node = q.front(); q.pop(); if (isSafe(topo, node)) { // 如果当前节点安全,则更新其后续节点 for (int neighbor : adj[node]) { topo[neighbor]++; if (topo[neighbor] == 1) // 当前节点的邻接节点入度变为0,加入队列 q.push(neighbor); } } } // 返回拓扑序列 vector<int> result; for (int i = 0; i < adj.size(); ++i) if (topo[i] > 0) result.push_back(i); return result; } }; ```
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