![2bed2709d62fa420e39ea6e0b8a769e9.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4375c08479d10bc4ea701dd6f80e6149.png)
为了方便计算,量子力学常常进行表象的转换. 而表象的转换也十分简单, 只要插入封闭性关系式[1]即可达到目的. 运算过程中我们会发现可以抽象出一个重复率很高的部分, 所以方便起见我们将其定义为基的变换矩阵, 它是一个幺正矩阵.
下面定义两组三维离散完备正交基(不难推广到连续无穷维, 三维离散是出于直观化[2]考虑. ):
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D+++%26+%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%7C%7D%3DI%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+i%3D1%2C2%2C3+%5C%5C+++%26+%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bk%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%7C%7D%3DI%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+k%3D1%2C2%2C3+%5C%5C++%5Cend%7Balign%7D+%5Cright.%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b0c8e4b002d644e500b67c53e96152eb.png)
首先要清楚一点: 狄拉克符号"
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+Dirac+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/43477759f23606dde91762f22609de01.png)
上面那段话举个例子就是这样:
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%3D%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ad29065faa499240df19b758642bb715.png)
其中
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/98183226a113f476eff8faaa41fd6194.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e2f215ed8614a538a2297f598cf7cd88.png)
所以各个分量单位不同自然不能加在一起而要分开写, 即可以写成列矩阵
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/dc44b4d004c0b4b5bb5e4cbf2c849de7.png)
所谓表象的变换就是想从
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/77b187a838ea95a59d1c92883f72f74c.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/673ce347fbd848de7dbd3102a2866d3c.png)
其实也简单, 就像一开始说的那样, 插入一个封闭性关系式即可达到目的.
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%3D%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%7C%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%7C%7D%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5e7f4406e7f1b199ca1447fd8b2eaef1.png)
可以得到
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bk%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bki%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e68875e39ebb05dc30b5d3eae301b952.png)
写成矩阵形式
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5daa22eff42b7b52d7f4817581009dd7.png)
上面方阵定义为表象的变换矩阵, 记作
![equation?tex=S](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6217fb4a8fa397deeec408fbaf501a3.png)
不难看出
![equation?tex=S](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6217fb4a8fa397deeec408fbaf501a3.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bki%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/61b9ef658aae5bde72f225c0fa6da856.png)
所以假如分别记
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bk%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7249f5e500ef28a1658cc1c2b201798c.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f81eefd898cc19ebabf782df285a7c4e.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%2C%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2485f5eb1e041707576dc490fe21956a.png)
则有:
,其中
[5]![]()
实际上逻辑上来说
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%2C%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%2C%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/780435b5249741662570912473b2a3b3.png)
一个不怎么贴切的说法是它们三个就好比是某全裸角色和他的两个时装版本.
在上文的基础上讲讲算符的表象转换:
![equation?tex=%5C%5BA%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7C%7DA%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bij%7D%7B%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/fce188606b7306841845df4d13505d0c.png)
其中
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8839897de583e928902b9fe7139cd831.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bij%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6cb2b6d38a8eabf0a8b5a178cb6c283.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/053fdefbf45be794ccdab78004c65b36.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bij%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6cb2b6d38a8eabf0a8b5a178cb6c283.png)
#一般不会这样写, 但这样写也有够直观的.
比如说假如
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++0++%5C%5C++++1++%5C%5C++++0++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C+%5C+%5C+%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++1++%5C%5C++++0++%5C%5C++++0++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a075af9cb4b50b881cda0af5b297e375.png)
那么
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7B%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7C%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++0++%5C%5C++++1++%5C%5C++++0++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+1%2C0%2C0+%5Cright%5D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++0+%26+0+%26+0++%5C%5C++++1+%26+0+%26+0++%5C%5C++++0+%26+0+%26+0++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1a4e43402d33f1ae609548970aba870f.png)
当然了,上面的矩阵是在
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1f0f21fb077614fc36075345c16045a3.png)
所以呢
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bij%7D%7B%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ecb621d370aab71aa6fd348889789c0c.png)
所谓表象变换就是:
想从
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dafecf217bb76639df09a3d678e48e0.png)
变成
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ee6a761111c5f43a3dcc58ce226c1e8b.png)
其实也简单, 就像一开始说的那样, 插入两个封闭性关系式即可达到目的.
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%3D%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D%7C%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bi%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7C%7DA%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bj%7D%7B%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%7D%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bij%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D+%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d0ead155f4a218ac6748b3f626086ad9.png)
即
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bmn%7D%7B%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D%7C%7D%3D%5Csum%5Climits_%7Bijmn%7D%7B%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bj%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bn%7D%7D%7C%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5d9ba6e85e2202348b2f179632fd57ea.png)
写成矩阵形式
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D+++%26+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D+%5C%5C+++%26+%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D+%5C%5C++%5Cend%7Balign%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a4b1ac18f0a890d18a5a4458ace85220.png)
上面第二行最左边方阵定义为表象的变换矩阵, 记作
![equation?tex=S](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6217fb4a8fa397deeec408fbaf501a3.png)
不难看出
![equation?tex=S](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6217fb4a8fa397deeec408fbaf501a3.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bmi%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/14cd4b9b9442019566475f2f6e326419.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BS%7D%5E%7B%5Cdagger+%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1b2d23125f436e45f5076bd31c5595e1.png)
所以假如分别记
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7Bm%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%5Cright%5C%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/20678b2c7bbfa451230e69090462fd02.png)
![equation?tex=A](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a86f8657535c007558ea628b4b5b9c7a.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%2C%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/17ce05c92ee087dddf76f91fc4258842.png)
则有:
, 其中
![]()
, 其中
![]()
#所以事实上
![equation?tex=%5C%5BS%2C%7B%7BS%7D%5E%7B%5Cdagger+%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/16a8fdd25535fa167b16fb7685fae271.png)
#Still,
![equation?tex=%5C%5BA%2C%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%2C%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/dbc9395c851d08a0038d6bb262fbcb3f.png)
显然幺正等价厄米算符均有全同的谱(本征值).
#这个操作常用于把表象转换为算符自身的表象,这样可以得到一个对角阵.
关于算符幺正变换
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3DS%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%7B%7BS%7D%5E%7B%5Cdagger+%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1bc5d9ea74ab117313cd3153780274d8.png)
所以这里讲一个直观的理解方法:
前面我们得到了表达式
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3DS%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%7B%7BS%7D%5E%7B%5Cdagger+%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1bc5d9ea74ab117313cd3153780274d8.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D+++%26+%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D+%5C%5C+++%26+%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle++%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%7CA%5Cleft%7C+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D+%5C%5C++%5Cend%7Balign%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/bebe576b7aa54f756c2876cc92912467.png)
那么, 我们该如何记住其中的
矩阵
![equation?tex=S](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e6217fb4a8fa397deeec408fbaf501a3.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c4efe51585af723af0a4fe1ba6899763.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/444a4fcde2c229764695ea549b9a6a8b.png)
也就是说这俩互为厄米共轭的矩阵哪个摆在左边哪个摆在右边呢?
很简单, 知道式子
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%3D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle++%26+%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Be%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D+%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%5Cleft%5B+%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B1%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B2%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C++++%5Cleft%5Clangle+%7B%7Bu%7D_%7B3%7D%7D%7C%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+++%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D+%5Cright%5D%3D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bu%5Cto+e%7D%7D%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d5cb0dd6538b428dbfce6a3e77d28081.png)
上面的这个式子意思是这个矩阵可以把
![equation?tex=u](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ad57b04afaa64e4c3414210504fe8806.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f81eefd898cc19ebabf782df285a7c4e.png)
![equation?tex=e](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6705e1fbe67f9c64bdad10c73e25c584.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bu%5Cto+e%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f79793f3cc53b139e04caa0dd2688fe1.png)
那么前面的表达式其实可以更加显然的写作
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Be%5Cto+u%7D%7D%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bu%5Cto+e%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f6662b30ade6845ead2fb46767b9b5cc.png)
Q: 那么我们对算符进行幺正变换是想解决什么问题呢?
A: 当我们在表象下工作时, 突然想对矢量
进行一个线性变换
, 但是我们出于某些不知名的原因并不知道
的形式, 而只知道这个操作在
表象下的形式
.
现在我们只知道
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c3818af1f29bf74a51f16c09b261a4ec.png)
先把矢量变到空间:
![]()
➡再对结果进行线性变换![]()
➡再把空间的结果变回来:
![]()
这一顿操作等价于在
![equation?tex=u](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ad57b04afaa64e4c3414210504fe8806.png)
![equation?tex=A](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a86f8657535c007558ea628b4b5b9c7a.png)
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Be%5Cto+u%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B+%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%5Cleft%28+%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bu%5Cto+e%7D%7D%7B%7B%5Cleft%7C+%5Cpsi++%5Cright%5Crangle+%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D+%5Cright%29+%5Cright%5D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/fbbd523f92b3254466da541254003f43.png)
所以我们把这一大块封装好当作一整个工具就有了:
![equation?tex=%5C%5B%7B%7BA%7D_%7Bu%7D%7D%3D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Be%5Cto+u%7D%7D%7B%7BA%7D_%7Be%7D%7D%7B%7BS%7D_%7Bu%5Cto+e%7D%7D%5C%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f6662b30ade6845ead2fb46767b9b5cc.png)
这是否让人对相似矩阵的意义有了更深的理解?
若则称
互为相似矩阵.
相似矩阵的概念更广义一点, 因为只要求是有逆的线性变换而不要求是幺正变换.
参考
- ^也称基的完备性关系式
- ^也就是说出于人道主义(笑
- ^或者说选择一个坐标系吧
- ^一般就是基矢量
- ^用到了幺正性, 不难证明其具有这个性质