基于回归模型的协同过滤推荐
如果我们将评分看作是一个连续的值而不是离散的值,那么就可以借助线性回归思想来预测目标用户对某物品的评分。其中一种实现策略被称为Baseline(基准预测)。
Baseline:基准预测
Baseline设计思想基于以下的假设:
- 有些用户的评分普遍高于其他用户,有些用户的评分普遍低于其他用户。比如有些用户天生愿意给别人好评,心慈手软,比较好说话,而有的人就比较苛刻,总是评分不超过3分(5分满分)
- 一些物品的评分普遍高于其他物品,一些物品的评分普遍低于其他物品。比如一些物品一被生产便决定了它的地位,有的比较受人们欢迎,有的则被人嫌弃。
这个用户或物品普遍高于或低于平均值的差值,我们称为偏置(bias)
Baseline目标:
- 找出每个用户普遍高于或低于他人的偏置值 b u b_u bu
- 找出每件物品普遍高于或低于其他物品的偏置值 b i b_i bi
- 我们的目标也就转化为寻找最优的 b u b_u bu和 b i b_i bi
使用Baseline的算法思想预测评分的步骤如下:
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计算所有电影的平均评分 μ \mu μ(即全局平均评分)
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计算每个用户评分与平均评分 μ \mu μ的偏置值 b u b_u bu
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计算每部电影所接受的评分与平均评分 μ \mu μ的偏置值 b i b_i bi
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预测用户对电影的评分:
r ^ u i = b u i = μ + b u + b i \hat{r}_{ui} = b_{ui} = \mu + b_u + b_i r^ui=bui=μ+bu+bi
举例:
比如我们想通过Baseline来预测用户A对电影“阿甘正传”的评分,那么首先计算出整个评分数据集的平均评分 μ \mu μ是3.5分;而用户A是一个比较苛刻的用户,他的评分比较严格,普遍比平均评分低0.5分,即用户A的偏置值 b i b_i bi是-0.5;而电影“阿甘正传”是一部比较热门而且备受好评的电影,它的评分普遍比平均评分要高1.2分,那么电影“阿甘正传”的偏置值 b i b_i bi是+1.2,因此就可以预测出用户A对电影“阿甘正传”的评分为: 3.5 + ( − 0.5 ) + 1.2 3.5+(-0.5)+1.2 3.5+(−0.5)+1.2,也就是4.2分。
对于所有电影的平均评分
μ
\mu
μ是直接能计算出的,因此问题在于要测出每个用户的
b
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bu值和每部电影的
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bi的值。对于线性回归问题,我们可以利用平方差构建损失函数如下:
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加入L2正则化:
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Cost=\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i)^2 + \lambda*(\sum_u {b_u}^2 + \sum_i {b_i}^2)
Cost=u,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bu−bi)2+λ∗(u∑bu2+i∑bi2)
公式解析:
- 公式第一部分$ \sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i)^2 是 用 来 寻 找 与 已 知 评 分 数 据 拟 合 最 好 的 是用来寻找与已知评分数据拟合最好的 是用来寻找与已知评分数据拟合最好的b_u 和 和 和b_i$
- 公式第二部分 λ ∗ ( ∑ u b u 2 + ∑ i b i 2 ) \lambda*(\sum_u {b_u}^2 + \sum_i {b_i}^2) λ∗(∑ubu2+∑ibi2)是正则化项,用于避免过拟合现象
对于最小过程的求解,我们一般采用随机梯度下降法或者交替最小二乘法来优化实现。
方法一:随机梯度下降法优化
使用随机梯度下降优化算法预测Baseline偏置值
step 1:梯度下降法推导
损失函数:
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梯度下降参数更新原始公式:
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\theta_j:=\theta_j-\alpha\cfrac{\partial }{\partial \theta_j}J(\theta)
θj:=θj−α∂θj∂J(θ)
梯度下降更新
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损失函数偏导推导:
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b
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同理可得,梯度下降更新
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b_i:=b_i + \alpha*(\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i) -\lambda*b_i)
bi:=bi+α∗(u,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bu−bi)−λ∗bi)
step 2:随机梯度下降
由于随机梯度下降法本质上利用每个样本的损失来更新参数,而不用每次求出全部的损失和,因此使用SGD时:
单样本损失值:
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参数更新:
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step 3:算法实现
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
class BaselineCFBySGD(object):
def __init__(self, number_epochs, alpha, reg, columns=["uid", "iid", "rating"]):
# 梯度下降最高迭代次数
self.number_epochs = number_epochs
# 学习率
self.alpha = alpha
# 正则参数
self.reg = reg
# 数据集中user-item-rating字段的名称
self.columns = columns
def fit(self, dataset):
'''
:param dataset: uid, iid, rating
:return:
'''
self.dataset = dataset
# 用户评分数据
self.users_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[0]).agg([list])[[self.columns[1], self.columns[2]]]
# 物品评分数据
self.items_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[1]).agg([list])[[self.columns[0], self.columns[2]]]
# 计算全局平均分
self.global_mean = self.dataset[self.columns[2]].mean()
# 调用sgd方法训练模型参数
self.bu, self.bi = self.sgd()
def sgd(self):
'''
利用随机梯度下降,优化bu,bi的值
:return: bu, bi
'''
# 初始化bu、bi的值,全部设为0
bu = dict(zip(self.users_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.users_ratings))))
bi = dict(zip(self.items_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.items_ratings))))
for i in range(self.number_epochs):
print("iter%d" % i)
for uid, iid, real_rating in self.dataset.itertuples(index=False):
error = real_rating - (self.global_mean + bu[uid] + bi[iid])
bu[uid] += self.alpha * (error - self.reg * bu[uid])
bi[iid] += self.alpha * (error - self.reg * bi[iid])
return bu, bi
def predict(self, uid, iid):
predict_rating = self.global_mean + self.bu[uid] + self.bi[iid]
return predict_rating
if __name__ == '__main__':
dtype = [("userId", np.int32), ("movieId", np.int32), ("rating", np.float32)]
dataset = pd.read_csv("datasets/ml-latest-small/ratings.csv", usecols=range(3), dtype=dict(dtype))
bcf = BaselineCFBySGD(20, 0.1, 0.1, ["userId", "movieId", "rating"])
bcf.fit(dataset)
while True:
uid = int(input("uid: "))
iid = int(input("iid: "))
print(bcf.predict(uid, iid))
Step 4: 准确性指标评估
- 添加test方法,然后使用之前实现accuary方法计算准确性指标
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
def data_split(data_path, x=0.8, random=False):
'''
切分数据集, 这里为了保证用户数量保持不变,将每个用户的评分数据按比例进行拆分
:param data_path: 数据集路径
:param x: 训练集的比例,如x=0.8,则0.2是测试集
:param random: 是否随机切分,默认False
:return: 用户-物品评分矩阵
'''
print("开始切分数据集...")
# 设置要加载的数据字段的类型
dtype = {"userId": np.int32, "movieId": np.int32, "rating": np.float32}
# 加载数据,我们只用前三列数据,分别是用户ID,电影ID,已经用户对电影的对应评分
ratings = pd.read_csv(data_path, dtype=dtype, usecols=range(3))
testset_index = []
# 为了保证每个用户在测试集和训练集都有数据,因此按userId聚合
for uid in ratings.groupby("userId").any().index:
user_rating_data = ratings.where(ratings["userId"]==uid).dropna()
if random:
# 因为不可变类型不能被 shuffle方法作用,所以需要强行转换为列表
index = list(user_rating_data.index)
np.random.shuffle(index) # 打乱列表
_index = round(len(user_rating_data) * x)
testset_index += list(index[_index:])
else:
# 将每个用户的x比例的数据作为训练集,剩余的作为测试集
index = round(len(user_rating_data) * x)
testset_index += list(user_rating_data.index.values[index:])
testset = ratings.loc[testset_index]
trainset = ratings.drop(testset_index)
print("完成数据集切分...")
return trainset, testset
def accuray(predict_results, method="all"):
'''
准确性指标计算方法
:param predict_results: 预测结果,类型为容器,每个元素是一个包含uid,iid,real_rating,pred_rating的序列
:param method: 指标方法,类型为字符串,rmse或mae,否则返回两者rmse和mae
:return:
'''
def rmse(predict_results):
'''
rmse评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: rmse
'''
length = 0
_rmse_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_rmse_sum += (pred_rating - real_rating) ** 2
return round(np.sqrt(_rmse_sum / length), 4)
def mae(predict_results):
'''
mae评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: mae
'''
length = 0
_mae_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_mae_sum += abs(pred_rating - real_rating)
return round(_mae_sum / length, 4)
def rmse_mae(predict_results):
'''
rmse和mae评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: rmse, mae
'''
length = 0
_rmse_sum = 0
_mae_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_rmse_sum += (pred_rating - real_rating) ** 2
_mae_sum += abs(pred_rating - real_rating)
return round(np.sqrt(_rmse_sum / length), 4), round(_mae_sum / length, 4)
if method.lower() == "rmse":
rmse(predict_results)
elif method.lower() == "mae":
mae(predict_results)
else:
return rmse_mae(predict_results)
class BaselineCFBySGD(object):
def __init__(self, number_epochs, alpha, reg, columns=["uid", "iid", "rating"]):
# 梯度下降最高迭代次数
self.number_epochs = number_epochs
# 学习率
self.alpha = alpha
# 正则参数
self.reg = reg
# 数据集中user-item-rating字段的名称
self.columns = columns
def fit(self, dataset):
'''
:param dataset: uid, iid, rating
:return:
'''
self.dataset = dataset
# 用户评分数据
self.users_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[0]).agg([list])[[self.columns[1], self.columns[2]]]
# 物品评分数据
self.items_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[1]).agg([list])[[self.columns[0], self.columns[2]]]
# 计算全局平均分
self.global_mean = self.dataset[self.columns[2]].mean()
# 调用sgd方法训练模型参数
self.bu, self.bi = self.sgd()
def sgd(self):
'''
利用随机梯度下降,优化bu,bi的值
:return: bu, bi
'''
# 初始化bu、bi的值,全部设为0
bu = dict(zip(self.users_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.users_ratings))))
bi = dict(zip(self.items_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.items_ratings))))
for i in range(self.number_epochs):
print("iter%d" % i)
for uid, iid, real_rating in self.dataset.itertuples(index=False):
error = real_rating - (self.global_mean + bu[uid] + bi[iid])
bu[uid] += self.alpha * (error - self.reg * bu[uid])
bi[iid] += self.alpha * (error - self.reg * bi[iid])
return bu, bi
def predict(self, uid, iid):
'''评分预测'''
if iid not in self.items_ratings.index:
raise Exception("无法预测用户<{uid}>对电影<{iid}>的评分,因为训练集中缺失<{iid}>的数据".format(uid=uid, iid=iid))
predict_rating = self.global_mean + self.bu[uid] + self.bi[iid]
return predict_rating
def test(self,testset):
'''预测测试集数据'''
for uid, iid, real_rating in testset.itertuples(index=False):
try:
pred_rating = self.predict(uid, iid)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
yield uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating
if __name__ == '__main__':
trainset, testset = data_split("datasets/ml-latest-small/ratings.csv", random=True)
bcf = BaselineCFBySGD(20, 0.1, 0.1, ["userId", "movieId", "rating"])
bcf.fit(trainset)
pred_results = bcf.test(testset)
rmse, mae = accuray(pred_results)
print("rmse: ", rmse, "mae: ", mae)
方法二:交替最小二乘法优化
使用交替最小二乘法优化算法预测Baseline偏置值
step 1: 交替最小二乘法推导
最小二乘法和梯度下降法一样,可以用于求极值。
最小二乘法思想:对损失函数求偏导,然后再使偏导为0
同样,损失函数:
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J(\theta)=\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i)^2 + \lambda*(\sum_u {b_u}^2 + \sum_i {b_i}^2)
J(θ)=u,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bu−bi)2+λ∗(u∑bu2+i∑bi2)
对损失函数求偏导:
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\cfrac{\partial}{\partial b_u} f(b_u, b_i) =-2 \sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i) + 2\lambda * b_u
∂bu∂f(bu,bi)=−2u,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bu−bi)+2λ∗bu
令偏导为0,则可得:
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\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u-b_i) = \lambda* b_u \\\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_i) = \sum_{u,i\in R} b_u+\lambda * b_u
u,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bu−bi)=λ∗buu,i∈R∑(rui−μ−bi)=u,i∈R∑bu+λ∗bu
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∑u,i∈Rbu≈∣R(u)∣∗bu,即直接假设每一项的偏置都相等,可得:
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b_u := \cfrac {\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_i)}{\lambda_1 + |R(u)|}
bu:=λ1+∣R(u)∣∑u,i∈R(rui−μ−bi)
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b_i := \cfrac {\sum_{u,i\in R}(r_{ui}-\mu-b_u)}{\lambda_2 + |R(i)|}
bi:=λ2+∣R(i)∣∑u,i∈R(rui−μ−bu)
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b u b_u bu和 b i b_i bi分别属于用户和物品的偏置,因此他们的正则参数可以分别设置两个独立的参数
step 2: 交替最小二乘法应用
通过最小二乘推导,我们最终分别得到了 b u b_u bu和 b i b_i bi的表达式,但他们的表达式中却又各自包含对方,因此这里我们将利用一种叫交替最小二乘的方法来计算他们的值:
- 计算其中一项,先固定其他未知参数,即看作其他未知参数为已知
- 如求 b u b_u bu时,将 b i b_i bi看作是已知;求 b i b_i bi时,将 b u b_u bu看作是已知;如此反复交替,不断更新二者的值,求得最终的结果。这就是交替最小二乘法(ALS)
step 3: 算法实现
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
class BaselineCFByALS(object):
def __init__(self, number_epochs, reg_bu, reg_bi, columns=["uid", "iid", "rating"]):
# 梯度下降最高迭代次数
self.number_epochs = number_epochs
# bu的正则参数
self.reg_bu = reg_bu
# bi的正则参数
self.reg_bi = reg_bi
# 数据集中user-item-rating字段的名称
self.columns = columns
def fit(self, dataset):
'''
:param dataset: uid, iid, rating
:return:
'''
self.dataset = dataset
# 用户评分数据
self.users_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[0]).agg([list])[[self.columns[1], self.columns[2]]]
# 物品评分数据
self.items_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[1]).agg([list])[[self.columns[0], self.columns[2]]]
# 计算全局平均分
self.global_mean = self.dataset[self.columns[2]].mean()
# 调用sgd方法训练模型参数
self.bu, self.bi = self.als()
def als(self):
'''
利用随机梯度下降,优化bu,bi的值
:return: bu, bi
'''
# 初始化bu、bi的值,全部设为0
bu = dict(zip(self.users_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.users_ratings))))
bi = dict(zip(self.items_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.items_ratings))))
for i in range(self.number_epochs):
print("iter%d" % i)
for iid, uids, ratings in self.items_ratings.itertuples(index=True):
_sum = 0
for uid, rating in zip(uids, ratings):
_sum += rating - self.global_mean - bu[uid]
bi[iid] = _sum / (self.reg_bi + len(uids))
for uid, iids, ratings in self.users_ratings.itertuples(index=True):
_sum = 0
for iid, rating in zip(iids, ratings):
_sum += rating - self.global_mean - bi[iid]
bu[uid] = _sum / (self.reg_bu + len(iids))
return bu, bi
def predict(self, uid, iid):
predict_rating = self.global_mean + self.bu[uid] + self.bi[iid]
return predict_rating
if __name__ == '__main__':
dtype = [("userId", np.int32), ("movieId", np.int32), ("rating", np.float32)]
dataset = pd.read_csv("datasets/ml-latest-small/ratings.csv", usecols=range(3), dtype=dict(dtype))
bcf = BaselineCFByALS(20, 25, 15, ["userId", "movieId", "rating"])
bcf.fit(dataset)
while True:
uid = int(input("uid: "))
iid = int(input("iid: "))
print(bcf.predict(uid, iid))
Step 4: 准确性指标评估
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
def data_split(data_path, x=0.8, random=False):
'''
切分数据集, 这里为了保证用户数量保持不变,将每个用户的评分数据按比例进行拆分
:param data_path: 数据集路径
:param x: 训练集的比例,如x=0.8,则0.2是测试集
:param random: 是否随机切分,默认False
:return: 用户-物品评分矩阵
'''
print("开始切分数据集...")
# 设置要加载的数据字段的类型
dtype = {"userId": np.int32, "movieId": np.int32, "rating": np.float32}
# 加载数据,我们只用前三列数据,分别是用户ID,电影ID,已经用户对电影的对应评分
ratings = pd.read_csv(data_path, dtype=dtype, usecols=range(3))
testset_index = []
# 为了保证每个用户在测试集和训练集都有数据,因此按userId聚合
for uid in ratings.groupby("userId").any().index:
user_rating_data = ratings.where(ratings["userId"]==uid).dropna()
if random:
# 因为不可变类型不能被 shuffle方法作用,所以需要强行转换为列表
index = list(user_rating_data.index)
np.random.shuffle(index) # 打乱列表
_index = round(len(user_rating_data) * x)
testset_index += list(index[_index:])
else:
# 将每个用户的x比例的数据作为训练集,剩余的作为测试集
index = round(len(user_rating_data) * x)
testset_index += list(user_rating_data.index.values[index:])
testset = ratings.loc[testset_index]
trainset = ratings.drop(testset_index)
print("完成数据集切分...")
return trainset, testset
def accuray(predict_results, method="all"):
'''
准确性指标计算方法
:param predict_results: 预测结果,类型为容器,每个元素是一个包含uid,iid,real_rating,pred_rating的序列
:param method: 指标方法,类型为字符串,rmse或mae,否则返回两者rmse和mae
:return:
'''
def rmse(predict_results):
'''
rmse评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: rmse
'''
length = 0
_rmse_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_rmse_sum += (pred_rating - real_rating) ** 2
return round(np.sqrt(_rmse_sum / length), 4)
def mae(predict_results):
'''
mae评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: mae
'''
length = 0
_mae_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_mae_sum += abs(pred_rating - real_rating)
return round(_mae_sum / length, 4)
def rmse_mae(predict_results):
'''
rmse和mae评估指标
:param predict_results:
:return: rmse, mae
'''
length = 0
_rmse_sum = 0
_mae_sum = 0
for uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating in predict_results:
length += 1
_rmse_sum += (pred_rating - real_rating) ** 2
_mae_sum += abs(pred_rating - real_rating)
return round(np.sqrt(_rmse_sum / length), 4), round(_mae_sum / length, 4)
if method.lower() == "rmse":
rmse(predict_results)
elif method.lower() == "mae":
mae(predict_results)
else:
return rmse_mae(predict_results)
class BaselineCFByALS(object):
def __init__(self, number_epochs, reg_bu, reg_bi, columns=["uid", "iid", "rating"]):
# 梯度下降最高迭代次数
self.number_epochs = number_epochs
# bu的正则参数
self.reg_bu = reg_bu
# bi的正则参数
self.reg_bi = reg_bi
# 数据集中user-item-rating字段的名称
self.columns = columns
def fit(self, dataset):
'''
:param dataset: uid, iid, rating
:return:
'''
self.dataset = dataset
# 用户评分数据
self.users_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[0]).agg([list])[[self.columns[1], self.columns[2]]]
# 物品评分数据
self.items_ratings = dataset.groupby(self.columns[1]).agg([list])[[self.columns[0], self.columns[2]]]
# 计算全局平均分
self.global_mean = self.dataset[self.columns[2]].mean()
# 调用sgd方法训练模型参数
self.bu, self.bi = self.als()
def als(self):
'''
利用随机梯度下降,优化bu,bi的值
:return: bu, bi
'''
# 初始化bu、bi的值,全部设为0
bu = dict(zip(self.users_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.users_ratings))))
bi = dict(zip(self.items_ratings.index, np.zeros(len(self.items_ratings))))
for i in range(self.number_epochs):
print("iter%d" % i)
for iid, uids, ratings in self.items_ratings.itertuples(index=True):
_sum = 0
for uid, rating in zip(uids, ratings):
_sum += rating - self.global_mean - bu[uid]
bi[iid] = _sum / (self.reg_bi + len(uids))
for uid, iids, ratings in self.users_ratings.itertuples(index=True):
_sum = 0
for iid, rating in zip(iids, ratings):
_sum += rating - self.global_mean - bi[iid]
bu[uid] = _sum / (self.reg_bu + len(iids))
return bu, bi
def predict(self, uid, iid):
'''评分预测'''
if iid not in self.items_ratings.index:
raise Exception("无法预测用户<{uid}>对电影<{iid}>的评分,因为训练集中缺失<{iid}>的数据".format(uid=uid, iid=iid))
predict_rating = self.global_mean + self.bu[uid] + self.bi[iid]
return predict_rating
def test(self,testset):
'''预测测试集数据'''
for uid, iid, real_rating in testset.itertuples(index=False):
try:
pred_rating = self.predict(uid, iid)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
yield uid, iid, real_rating, pred_rating
if __name__ == '__main__':
trainset, testset = data_split("datasets/ml-latest-small/ratings.csv", random=True)
bcf = BaselineCFByALS(20, 25, 15, ["userId", "movieId", "rating"])
bcf.fit(trainset)
pred_results = bcf.test(testset)
rmse, mae = accuray(pred_results)
print("rmse: ", rmse, "mae: ", mae)
函数求导:
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