实验信息
学号后三位:010
原创作品转载请注明出处 https://github.com/mengning/linuxkernel/
实验过程
在实验环境中执行以下命令:
sudo apt-get install qemu # install QEMU
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/qemu-system-i386 /usr/bin/qemu
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.9.4.tar.xz # download Linux Kernel 3.9.4 source code
wget https://raw.github.com/mengning/mykernel/master/mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch # download mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch
xz -d linux-3.9.4.tar.xz
tar -xvf linux-3.9.4.tar
cd linux-3.9.4
patch -p1 < …/mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch
make allnoconfig
make
qemu -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
可以看到编译完成的内核已开始运行,my_start_kernel与my_timer_handler交替周期性执行
cd mykernel后,执行ls与vi编辑器命令,可以看到mymain.c与myinterrupt.c文件内容:
mymain.c中定义了一个my_start_kernel函数,是一个循环,不停的输出my_start_kernel here
myinterrupt.c中,有一个被时钟中断周期调用的函数my_timer_handler,不断输出图中的>>>>>>>>my_timer_handler here<<<<<<<
因此mykernel实现的是不断周期性调用my_start_kernel函数与my_timer_handler,模拟进程间的切换
一个简单的时间片轮转多道程序
执行git clone https://github.com/mengning/mykernel命令
将github上老师提供的源码下载到本地,覆盖原来的mymain.c myinterrupt.c文件并新建mypcb.h文件。
重新编译内核
cd LinuxKernel/linux-3.9.4
执行下面的命令:
make allnoconfig
make
qemu -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
重新编译后的内核实现了进程切换
实验代码分析
mypcb.h : 进程控制块PCB结构体定义
#define MAX_TASK_NUM 4 //代表最大进程数为10
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*2 # unsigned long //代表每个进程堆栈的大小,应改为(unsigned long)
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread {
unsigned long ip;
unsigned long sp;
};
typedef struct PCB{
int pid;
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread thread;
unsigned long task_entry;
struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;
void my_schedule(void);
mypcb.h中宏定义语法存在问题,应当将# unsigned long改为(unsigned long)
pid 进程的唯一标识,用于区分进程
stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE] 进程的堆栈
thread 进程的ip(程序指针)和sp(栈顶指针)
task_entry 进程的入口
next指向下一个PCB,形成指针环链,从而不断循环切换进程。
mymain.c: 初始化各个进程并启动0号进程
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
void my_process(void);
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
int pid = 0;
int i;
/* Initialize process 0*/
task[pid].pid = pid;
task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[pid].next = &task[pid];
/*fork more process */
for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
{
memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
task[i].pid = i;
//*(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1] - 1) = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]);
task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
task[i-1].next = &task[i];
}
/* start process 0 by task[0] */
pid = 0;
my_current_task = &task[pid];
asm volatile(
"movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
"pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
"pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
"ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
:
: "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
);
}
int i = 0;
void my_process(void)
{
while(1)
{
i++;
if(i%10000000 == 0)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
if(my_need_sched == 1)
{
my_need_sched = 0;
my_schedule();
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
}
}
}
my_start_kernel() 是系统启动后的函数入口,首先进行初始化和启动0号进程,同时创建其它的进程PCB,以方便后面的调度。
在该系统中,每个进程都执行my_process() 函数,my_process()将会打印出当前进程的 id,方便观察进程的切换。
myinterrupt.c:时钟中断处理和进程调度算法
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
extern tPCB * my_current_task;
extern volatile int my_need_sched;
volatile int time_count = 0;
/*
* Called by timer interrupt.
* it runs in the name of current running process,
* so it use kernel stack of current running process
*/
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
my_need_sched = 1;
}
time_count ++ ;
#endif
return;
}
void my_schedule(void)
{
tPCB * next;
tPCB * prev;
if(my_current_task == NULL
|| my_current_task->next == NULL)
{
return;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
/* schedule */
next = my_current_task->next;
prev = my_current_task;
if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
{
my_current_task = next;
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
/* switch to next process */
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
}
return;
}
my_time_handler()函数模拟时间片轮转,该函数周期性地发出中断信号,也就是my_need_sched。my_start_kernel()初始化每个进程,执行my_process()
实验总结
操作系统有三个核心组成,缺一不可,分别是存储程序原理、堆栈以及中断,对于进程来说,唯一存在的标志就是PCB,操作系统通过对PCB该数据结构的修改进行对进程的控制。PCB中存储进程相关信息和运行信息,操作系统中首先有一个内核进程,然后有大量的中断处理程序,由内核在发生中断时进行对应的处理。
Linux操作系统通过fork()函数创建进程,首先将CPU正在运行的进程上下文保存在内核态堆栈中;然后加载PCB中指向的需创建的进程的上下文信息到相应的寄存器中,运行当前新建进程;运行完毕后根据系统的调度继续执行相应的进程。操作系统的中断机制由硬件实现。