Python爬虫入门学习（一）

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已于 2023-04-21 23:08:56 修改

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分类专栏： Python 文章标签： python 爬虫学习

于 2023-04-20 22:20:09 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42855218/article/details/130277163

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1.requets

爬虫的一般步骤：

指定url
发起请求
获取响应
持久储存

爬取搜狗首页

import requests

# 爬取搜狗的首页
if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = "https://www.sogou.com/"
    response = requests.get(url=url)
    # print(response.text)
    with open('./sougou.html',"w",encoding='utf-8') as fp:
        fp.write(response.text)
    print("爬取结束！！！")

案例1

爬取搜狗指定词条对应的搜索结果页面（简易的网页采集器）

import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = 'https://www.sogou.com/web'
    # UA 伪装，伪装成浏览器
    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    kw = input("enter a word:")
    #携带的参数封装成字典
    param={
        'query' : kw
    }

    response = requests.get(url=url,params=param,headers=header)
    page_text = response.text
    filename = kw+'.html'
    with open(filename,'w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
        fp.write(page_text)
    print(filename,'保存成功')

案例2

破击百度翻译

Post 请求（携带参数）

响应数据为json

import requests
import json
if __name__ == '__main__':

    url = 'https://fanyi.baidu.com/sug'
    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    word = input("input a word:")
    data = {
        "kw": word
    }
    response = requests.post(url=url,data=data,headers=header)
    dic_obj = response.json()
    print(dic_obj['data'][0]['v'])
    # Filename = word+'.josn'
    # fp = open(Filename,'w',encoding='utf-8')
    #
    # json.dump(dic_obj,fp=fp,ensure_ascii=False)# 有中文不能用ascii
    # print("over!!!")

案例3

爬取豆瓣电影的分类排行https://movie.douban.com/中的电影详情数据

import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':

    url = 'https://movie.douban.com/j/chart/top_list'
    mapa = {
        'type': '24',
        'interval_id': '100:90',
        'start':  '0', 
        'limit':  '50'
    }
    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    response = requests.get(url=url,params=mapa,headers=header);
    list_data = response.json()
    # print(list_data)
    for cont, data in enumerate (list_data):
       title =list_data[cont]['title']
       score = list_data[cont]['score']
       msg = "影片：{}，评分：{}".format(title,score)
       print(msg)

案例4

爬取肯德基餐厅查询http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/index.aspx指定地点餐厅数

import requests

if __name__ == '__main__':
    #url 为完整的不能随意删减
    url = 'http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/ashx/GetStoreList.ashx?op=keyword'
    # adress = input("请输入要查询的地点：\r\n")
    data = {# 空的字符串也需要添加
        'cname':'',
        'pid':'',
        'keyword': '北京',
        'pageIndex': '1',
        'pageSize': '10'
    }
    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    reponse = requests.post(url=url,data=data,headers=header)
    data_list = reponse.json()['Table1']
    # print(data_list)
    for data in data_list:
        storeName = data['storeName']
        addressDetail = data['addressDetail']
        print('店名:{}餐厅，地址:{}'.format(storeName,addressDetail))

2.数据解析

聚焦爬虫：爬取页面中指定的内容；

编码流程：

指定url
发起请求
获取响应数据
数据解析
持久储存
数据解析的分类：
- 正则
- bs4
- xpath(***)
数据解析的原理
- 解析的局部文本内容会在标签对应的属性中进行存储
- 1. 进行指定标签的定位
  2. 标签或者标签对应属性中存储的数据进行提取（解析）
正则

正则在线工具在线正则表达式测试 (oschina.net)
- 元字符：具有固定含义的特殊字符

常用的元字符：

1   .  匹配除换行符意外的任意字符(一个字符)
2   \w 匹配字母或数字或下划线
3   \s 匹配任意的空白符
4   \d 匹配数字
5   \n 匹配一个换行符
6   \t 匹配制表符

7   ^ 匹配字符串的开始
8   $ 匹配字符串的结尾

9  \W 匹配非字母或数字或下划线
10 \D 匹配非数字
11 \S 匹配非空白符串
12 a|b 匹配字符a或字符b
13 () 匹配括号内的表达式，表示一个组
14 [...] 匹配字符组中的字符
15 [^...] 匹配除了字符组中字符所有的字符

量词：控制前面的元字符出现的次数

1   *   重复零次或更多次
2   +   重复一次或更多次
3   ?   重复零次或一次
4   {n} 重复n次
5  {n,} 重复n次或更多次
6 {n,m} 重复n次到m次

贪婪匹配或惰性匹配

.*   贪婪匹配
.*?  惰性匹配

2.1 re模块

re.findall()--> 列表# 匹配字符串所有的符合正则的内容

# finditer: 匹配字符串中所有的内容（返回的时迭代器）,从迭代器中拿到需要.group()
it = re.finditer(r"d+","我的电话是10086，他的女朋友的电话是10010")
for i in it:
    print(i.group())
 
#search 找到一个结果就返回，返回的结果是match对象，拿数据需要.group()
re.search()

#mathch 从头开始匹配
re.match()

# 预加载正则表达式
obj = re.complie(r"d+"，re.S)#re.S让 . 能匹配换行符
obj.finditer(r"d+","我的电话是10086，他的女朋友的电话是10010")

正则中提取数据

（?P<分组的名字>(.*?)）可以单独从正则匹配的内容中进一步提取内容。

实例手刃豆瓣TOP250https://movie.douban.com/top250

import requests
import re
import csv
if __name__ == '__main__':

    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    obj = re.compile(r'class="">.*?<span class="title">(?P<name>.*?)</span>'
                     r'.*?<br>(?P<year>.*?)&nbsp.*?<span>(?P<person>.*?)人评价', re.S)

    for page in range(0,50,25):
        url = "https://movie.douban.com/top250?start={}&filter=".format(page)
        res_obj = requests.get(url= url,headers= header)

        result = obj.finditer(res_obj.text)
        f= open("data.csv",mode="w",encoding='utf-8')
        csvwiter = csv.writer(f)
        for it in result:
            # print(i.group("name"))
            # print(i.group("year").strip())
            # print(i.group("person"))
            dic=it.groupdict()
            dic['year'] = dic['year'].strip()
            csvwiter.writerow(dic.values())
        f.close()
    print("over!!!!!!")

案例电影天堂整页数据https://dytt89.com/

import requests
import re

if __name__ == '__main__':
    mani_url = "https://dytt89.com/"
    header = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
    }
    resopn = requests.get(url=mani_url,headers = header,verify = False)#忽略证书
    resopn.encoding = 'gb2312' # 指定字符集
    # print(resopn.text)

    obj1 = re.compile(r"2022必看热片.*?<ul>(?P<ul>.*?)</ul>",re.S)
    obj2 = re.compile("<a href='(?P<href>.*?)' title=",re.S)
    obj3 = re.compile('◎片　　名　(?P<movie>.*?)<br />.*?'
                      '<td style="WORD-WRAP: break-word" bgcolor="#fdfddf"><a href="(?P<download>.*?)">magnet',re.S)
    result1 = obj1.search(resopn.text)
    uls = result1.group('ul')
    # result1 = obj1.finditer(resopn.text)
    # for iter in result1:
    #     print(iter.group("ul"))
    child_list = []
    result2 = obj2.finditer(uls)
    for it in result2:
        #拼接字符
        child_url = mani_url + it.group('href').strip("/")
        # print(child_url)
        child_list.append(child_url)
    # 提取子页面
    for herf in child_list:
        child_res = requests.get(url=herf,headers=header,verify=False)
        child_res.encoding ="gb2312"
        # print(child_res.text)
        result3 = obj3.search(child_res.text)
        print(result3.group('movie'))
        print(result3.group('download'))

2.2 bs4 模块

安装 pip install bs4

解析数据过程
- 把源代码交给BeautifulSoup进行处理，生产bs对象
- html.parser 指定html解析器
find，只找一个
```
find(标签，属性=[])
```
findall 找所有标签, 用法同上
提供的用于数据解析的方法和属性
- soup.tagName :返回的是文档中第一次出现的tagName的对应的标签。
- soup.find:
  - 1. 等同于soup.tagName.
    2. 属性定位： soup_find(‘div’,class_ = " ")# 区分关键字加下划线
- soup.findall :返回列表
- soup.select(‘某种选择器，id,class,标签选择器’):返回一个列表
  - 层级选则器（./tang>li) > :表示一个层级
    - 空格表示多个层级
- 获取标签之间的文本数据
  - soup.a.text/string/get_text()
    - text/get_text() 获取某一标签中所有的文本内容
    - string 只可以获取该标签中下面直系的文本内容
- 获取文本中的属性值：
  - soup.a[‘属性内容’]
案例1 爬取新发地蔬菜价格的数据（未用的bs4）

import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = "http://www.xinfadi.com.cn/getPriceData.html"
    for i in range(1,3):
        data = {
            'imit': '20',
            'current':i,
            'pubDateStartTime': '',
            'pubDateEndTime': '',
            'prodPcatid': '1186',
            'prodCatid':'',
            'prodName':' '
        }
        res = requests.post(url=url,data=data).json()
    # print(res['list'])
        data_list = res['list']
        for data in data_list:
            prodName = data['prodName']
            lowPrice = data['lowPrice']
            avgPrice = data['avgPrice']
            highPrice = data['highPrice']
            place = data['place']
            pubDate = data['pubDate']
            print(prodName,lowPrice,avgPrice,highPrice,place,pubDate)
        print("over one page")
    print("complite")

案例获取三国演义的文章题目和内容名句大全_古诗文网 (gushiwen.cn)古诗文网

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = 'https://so.gushiwen.cn/guwen/book_46653FD803893E4F7F702BCF1F7CCE17.aspx'
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"}
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    # print(page_text)
    soup = BeautifulSoup(page_text,'lxml')
    herfs_list = soup.select('.bookcont >ul > span>a')# 层级选择标签 第一个参数为某个标签的属性
    # print(herfs_list)
    fp = open("./三国演义.txt","w",encoding="utf-8")

    for herf in herfs_list:
        mulu = herf.text # 获取herf下的文本内容
        child_url = herf['href']
        detail_text = requests.get(url=child_url,headers=headers).text 
        detail_soup = BeautifulSoup(detail_text,'lxml')
        # print(detail_soup)
        title = detail_soup.select('.contson > p')[0].text # 从文本中获取目录标题
        cont = detail_soup.find("div", class_="contson")
        # print(cont.text)
        cont = detail_soup.find("div",class_="contson").text
        fp.write(mulu+cont)
        print(mulu+ title + "  over!!!")
    print("爬取成功！！！")
    fp.close()

壁纸高清图片爬取风景壁纸_电脑桌面壁纸_壁纸大全 (bizhi360.com)

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import os

import time

if __name__ == '__main__':
    print("请选择要下的图片信息：\n1.风景 ")
    print("2.美女\n3.动漫\n4.非主流\n5.创意\n6.可爱\n7.卡通\n8.动物\n9.汽车 ")
    kind_dic= {"1":"fengjing","2":"meinv","3":"dongman","4":"feizhuliu","5":"chuangyi","6":"keai","7":"katong","8":"dongwu","9":"qiche"}
    choies = input("请选择：\n")
    ser = kind_dic[choies]
    url = 'http://bizhi360.com/'
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                            "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"}

    res = requests.get(url=url+ser,headers= headers)
    res.encoding = 'utf-8'
    soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text,'lxml')
    li_list = soup.select(".pic-list > ul >li > a")
    # print(li_list)

    if not os.path.exists("./pic"):
        os.makedirs("./pic")

    # fp = open("./pic",mode="wb")
    for li in li_list:
        title = li.text
        href = li['href'].strip("/")
        chrild_url = url + href
        chrild_res = requests.get(url=chrild_url,headers=headers)
        chrild_res.encoding = 'utf-8'
        chrild_soup = BeautifulSoup(chrild_res.text,'lxml')
        # print(chrild_soup)
        pic_url = chrild_soup.select('.article> figure> a')[0]['href']
        pic = requests.get(url=pic_url, headers=headers).content
        name = title +".jpg"
        with open(f"./pic/{name}","wb") as fp:
            fp.write(pic)
        print(name+"over!!!")
        time.sleep(1)
    print("爬取成功！！！")

修改为全站爬取

import requests
from lxml import etree
import os
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor

def downlode_page(url):
    page = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
    tree = etree.HTML(page.text)
    li_list = tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li')
    for li in li_list:
            url1 = main_url + li.xpath("./a/@href")[0]
            resp = requests.get(url1, headers=headers)
            resp.encoding='gbk'
            child_tree = etree.HTML(resp.text)
            pic2_url = child_tree.xpath('//*[@id="img"]/img/@src')[0]
            title = child_tree.xpath('//*[@id="img"]/img/@title')[0]
            pic_url = main_url + pic2_url
            img_res = requests.get(pic_url)
            # # 通用处理中文乱码解决方案
            # title = title.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
            # pic = requests.get(url=pic_url,headers=headers).content
            name = title +".jpg"
            with open(f"./4k图片/{name}", "wb") as fp:
                fp.write(img_res.content)
            print(name+"over!!!")
            time.sleep(3)
    print("提取完毕")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main_url = 'https://pic.netbian.com'
    url = "https://pic.netbian.com/4kmeinv/"
    if not os.path.exists("./4K图片"):
        os.makedirs("./4k图片")
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"
               }

    downlode_page(url)
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(10) as t:
        for i in range(2,5):
            t.submit(downlode_page,f'https://pic.netbian.com/4kmeinv/index_{i}.html')
    print("爬取结束！！！！")

2.3 Xpath

xpath 的解析原理：
- 实例化一个etree的对象，且需要将被解析的源码数据加载到对象中。
- 调用etree对象中xpath方法结合xpath表达式现实定位和内容的捕获。
环境安装
- pip install lxml
如何实例化一个etree对象。from lxml import etree
- 将本地的html文档中源码加载到etree对象中
  
  etree.patse(filepath)
- 可以将互联网获取的源码数据加载到对象中

etree.HTML(‘page_text’)

- xpath 表达式

r = tree.xpath('/html/') #根据层级单位定位,返回一个列表element对象
#  / 表示从根节点开始定位，一个/表示一个层级
#  // 表示的是多个层级。 可以表示从任意位置开始定位。 
r = tree.xpath('//div[@class="song"]')# 属性定位：tag[@attrName="attrValue" ]
r = tree.xpath('//div[@class="song"]/p[3]')# 索引定位：索引是从1开始的。

./局部的文本内容
如何取文本
- /text() 返回文本内容（直系内容）
- //text() 获取的是标签中非直系的文本内容
取属性
- /@attrName ====> img/@src

案例一58 同城房屋信息爬取。北京二手房网，北京房产网，北京二手房买卖出售交易信息-北京58同城

import requests
from lxml import etree
import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = "https://bj.58.com/ershoufang/"
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"}
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
    div_list = tree.xpath('//section[@class="list"]/div')
    if not os.path.exists("./58同城"):
        os.makedirs("./58同城")
    fp= open("./58同城/58.txt","w",encoding="utf-8")
    for div in div_list:
        title =div.xpath('./a/div[2]//h3/text()')[0]
        price =''.join(div.xpath('./a/div[2]/div[2]/p/span//text()'))
        address = ''.join(div.xpath('./a/div[2]/div//section/div[2]//text()'))
        big = div.xpath('./a/div[2]/div//section/div[1]/p[2]/text()')[0].strip()
        fp.write(title+' '+' '+price+' '+address+' '+big+'\r\n')
    fp.close()

案例二 https://pic.netbian.com/

import requests
from lxml import etree
import os
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor

def downlode_page(url):
    page = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
    tree = etree.HTML(page.text)
    li_list = tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li')
    for li in li_list:
            url1 = main_url + li.xpath("./a/@href")[0]
            resp = requests.get(url1, headers=headers)
            resp.encoding='gbk'
            child_tree = etree.HTML(resp.text)
            pic2_url = child_tree.xpath('//*[@id="img"]/img/@src')[0]
            title = child_tree.xpath('//*[@id="img"]/img/@title')[0]
            pic_url = main_url + pic2_url
            img_res = requests.get(pic_url)
            # # 通用处理中文乱码解决方案
            # title = title.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
            # pic = requests.get(url=pic_url,headers=headers).content
            name = title +".jpg"
            with open(f"./4k图片/{name}", "wb") as fp:
                fp.write(img_res.content)
            print(name+"over!!!")
            time.sleep(3)
    print("提取完毕")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main_url = 'https://pic.netbian.com'
    url = "https://pic.netbian.com/4kmeinv/"
    if not os.path.exists("./4K图片"):
        os.makedirs("./4k图片")
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"
               }

    downlode_page(url)
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(10) as t:
        for i in range(2,5):
            t.submit(downlode_page,f'https://pic.netbian.com/4kmeinv/index_{i}.html')
    print("爬取结束！！！！")

案例三 https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata 爬取上面所有的城市。

import requests
from lxml import etree
import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = "https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/"
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"}
    page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
    # xpath 可以用|表示或的关系
    city_list =tree.xpath('//div[@class="bottom"]/ul/li/a | //div[@class="bottom"]//div[2]/li/a ' )
    fp= open("city.txt",'w',encoding='utf-8')
    for city in city_list:
        name = city.xpath('./text()')[0]
        fp.write(name+' ')
    fp.close()
    print("over!!!")

案例四站长素材免费简历模板下载https://sc.chinaz.com/

import requests
from lxml import etree
import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = "https://sc.chinaz.com/jianli/free.html"
    headers = {"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
                             "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/107.0.1418.56"}
    page_res = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers)
    page_res.encoding='utf-8'
    tree = etree.HTML(page_res.text)
    a_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="main"]//div/a')
    if not os.path.exists("./简历模板"):
        os.makedirs("./简历模板")
    for a in a_list:
        jl_url = a.xpath('./@href')[0]
        name =  a.xpath('./img/@alt')[0]
        jl_res = requests.get(url=jl_url,headers=headers)
        jl_res.encoding= "utf-8"
        jl_tree = etree.HTML(jl_res.text)
        li_list =jl_tree.xpath('//div[@class="down_wrap"]/div[2]//li')
        try:
            for i in li_list:
                rar_url =i.xpath('./a/@href')[0]
                jl = requests.get(url=rar_url,headers=headers).content
                mb_name = "./简历模板/" + name + '.rar'
                with open(mb_name,"wb+") as fp:
                    fp.write(jl)
                print(name + "下载完毕！！")
                break
        except:
            print("错误")
    print("全部完成！！！")