尼姆博弈之 POJ-2975-Nim

尼姆博弈是一个叫尼姆的人提出来的一个数字游戏，大概是这样的：
有三堆各若干个物品，两个人轮流从某一堆取任意多的物品，规定每次至少取一个，多者不限，最后取光者得胜。

分析：（摘自百度百科T_T）
异或算法： a⊕b = !ab + !ba （其中!a 为 非a）。
一、这种情况最有意思，它与二进制有密切关系，我们用（a，b，c）表示某种局势，首先（0，0，0）显然是奇异局势，无论谁面对奇异局势，都必然失败。第二种奇异局势是（0，n，n），只要与对手拿走一样多的物品，最后都将导致（0，0，0）。仔细分析一下，（1，2，3）也是奇异局势，无论自己如何拿，接下来对手都可以将其变为（0，n，n）的情形。
（大佬就是大佬，看到问题就想着1和0，这都能扯到一块去了）
计算机算法里面有一种叫做按位模2加，也叫做异或的运算，我们用符号⊕表示这种运算，先看（1，2，3）的按位模2加的结果：
1 =二进制01
2 =二进制10
3 =二进制11 ⊕
———————
0 =二进制00 （注意不进位）
对于奇异局势（0，n，n）也一样，结果也是0。
任何奇异局势（a，b，c）都有a⊕b⊕c =0。
注意到异或运算的交换律和结合律，及a⊕a=0，:
a⊕b⊕(a⊕b)=(a⊕a)⊕(b⊕b)=0⊕0=0。
所以从一个非奇异局势向一个奇异局势转换的方式可以是：
1）使 a = c⊕b
2）使 b = a⊕c
3）使 c = a⊕b
例1。（14，21，39），14⊕21=27，39-27=12，所以从39中拿走12个物体即可达到奇异局势（14，21，27）。
例2。（55，81，121），55⊕81=102，121-102=19，所以从121中拿走19个物品就形成了奇异局势（55，81，102）。
例3。（29，45，58），29⊕45=48，58-48=10，从58中拿走10个，变为（29，45，48）。
例4。我们来实际进行一盘比赛看看：
甲:(7,8,9)->(1,8,9)奇异局势
乙:(1,8,9)->(1,8,4)
甲:(1,8,4)->(1,5,4)奇异局势
乙:(1,5,4)->(1,4,4)
甲:(1,4,4)->(0,4,4)奇异局势
乙:(0,4,4)->(0,4,2)
甲:(0.4,2)->(0,2,2)奇异局势
乙:(0,2,2)->(0,2,1)
甲:(0,2,1)->(0,1,1)奇异局势
乙:(0,1,1)->(0,1,0)
甲:(0,1,0)->(0,0,0)奇异局势
甲胜。
（转自尼姆博弈）
二、尼姆博弈模型可以推广到：有n堆若干个物品，两个人轮流从某一堆取任意多的物品，规定每次至少取一个，多者不限，最后取光者得胜。
这个游戏中的变量是堆数k和各堆的物品数N1，N2，……，Nk。
对应的组合问题是，确定先手获胜还是后手获胜以及两个游戏人应该如何取物品才能保证自己获胜

三、现在考虑各大堆大小分别为N1，N2，……Nk的一般的Nim博弈。将每一个数Ni表示为其二进制数（数的位数相等，不等时在前面补0）：
N1 = as…a1a0
N2 = bs…b1b0
……
Nk = ms…m1m0
如果每一种大小的子堆的个数都是偶数，我们就称Nim博弈是平衡的，而对应位相加是偶数的称为平衡位，否则称为非平衡位。因此，Nim博弈是平衡的，当且仅当：
as +bs + … + ms 是偶数，即as⊕ bs ⊕ … ⊕ ms = 0
……
a1 +b1 + … + m1 是偶数，即a1 ⊕ b1 ⊕ … ⊕ m1 = 0
a0 +b0 + … + m0是偶数，即a0 ⊕ b0 ⊕ … ⊕ m0 = 0

于是，我们就能得出尼姆博弈中先手获胜策略：
Bouton定理：先手能够在非平衡尼姆博弈中取胜，而后手能够在平衡的尼姆博弈中取胜。即状态(x1, x2, x3, …, xn)为P状态当且仅当x1 ⊕ x2 ⊕ x3 ⊕… ⊕xn =0。这样的操作也称为Nim和(Nim Sum)
我们以一个两堆物品的尼姆博弈作为试验。设游戏开始时游戏处于非平衡状态。这样，先手就能通过一种取子方式使得他取子后留给后手的是一个平衡状态下的游戏，接着无论后手如何取子，再留给先手的一定是一个非平衡状态游戏，如此反复进行，当后手在最后一次平衡状态下取子后，先手便能一次性取走所有的物品而获胜。而如果游戏开始时游戏牌平衡状态，那根据上述方式取子，最终后手能获

#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int m,ans,n;
    while(~scanf("%d",&m))
    {
        n=ans=0;
        while(m--)
            scanf("%d",&n),ans^=n,printf("ans=%d\n",ans);
        if(ans)
            printf("Yes\n");
        else
            printf("No\n");
    }
}

下面是一道典型的照搬尼姆博弈题：

Nim is a 2-player game featuring several piles of stones. Players alternate turns, and on his/her turn, a player’s move consists of removing one or more stones from any single pile. Play ends when all the stones have been removed, at which point the last player to have moved is declared the winner. Given a position in Nim, your task is to determine how many winning moves there are in that position.
A position in Nim is called “losing” if the first player to move from that position would lose if both sides played perfectly. A “winning move,” then, is a move that leaves the game in a losing position. There is a famous theorem that classifies all losing positions. Suppose a Nim position contains n piles having k1, k2, …, kn stones respectively; in such a position, there are k1 + k2 + … + kn possible moves. We write each ki in binary (base 2). Then, the Nim position is losing if and only if, among all the ki’s, there are an even number of 1’s in each digit position. In other words, the Nim position is losing if and only if the xor of the ki’s is 0.

Consider the position with three piles given by k1 = 7, k2 = 11, and k3 = 13. In binary, these values are as follows:
111
1011
1101

There are an odd number of 1’s among the rightmost digits, so this position is not losing. However, suppose k3 were changed to be 12. Then, there would be exactly two 1’s in each digit position, and thus, the Nim position would become losing. Since a winning move is any move that leaves the game in a losing position, it follows that removing one stone from the third pile is a winning move when k1 = 7, k2 = 11, and k3 = 13. In fact, there are exactly three winning moves from this position: namely removing one stone from any of the three piles.
Input

The input test file will contain multiple test cases, each of which begins with a line indicating the number of piles, 1 ≤ n ≤ 1000. On the next line, there are n positive integers, 1 ≤ ki ≤ 1, 000, 000, 000, indicating the number of stones in each pile. The end-of-file is marked by a test case with n = 0 and should not be processed.
Output

For each test case, write a single line with an integer indicating the number of winning moves from the given Nim position.
Sample Input
3
7 11 13
2
1000000000 1000000000
0

Sample Output
3
0

代码如下：

//#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include  <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include      <map>
#include      <set>
#include   <vector>
#include    <queue>
#include    <stack>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include  <cstring>
#include <string.h>
#include   <string>
#include   <math.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
#define MAXN 100005
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f//将近ll类型最大数的一半，而且乘2不会爆ll

int a[MAXN];
int main()
{
    int n, cnt;
    while(scanf("%d", &n) && n)
    {
        cnt = 0;
        for(int i=0; i<n; ++i)
        {
            scanf("%d", &a[i]);
            cnt^=a[i];
        }
        int sum=0;
        for(int i=0; i<n; ++i)
        {
            if((cnt^a[i]) < a[i])
                sum++;
        }
        cout << sum << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}