六、Express

一、express入门

1. 介绍

• express是基于node.js平台，快速，开放，极简的web开发框架
• express和node.js内置的http模块类似，用来专门创建web服务器的
• express是第三方包，基于http封装，提供简单易用的api

2. 入门demo

• npm install express
• 运行后就回启动一个web服务器

/*导入*/
let express = require('express');

/*创建一个server*/
let server = express();

/*端口，ip，服务器启动后的回调函数*/
server.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('Server Start Successfully');
})

3. get/post请求

/*导入*/
let express = require('express');

/*创建一个server*/
let server = express();

/*端口，ip，服务器启动后的回调函数*/
server.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('Server Start Successfully');
})


/*get请求：
*      1.  具体的路径*/
server.get('/user', function (request, response) {
    console.log(request);

    /*api请求结果: 可以以json返回数据，也可以以普通文本返回*/
    response.send({"name": "erick", "age": 18});
});

server.post('/info', function (request, response) {
    console.log(request);

    response.send("Hello Erick");
});

/*get请求，通过 query来获取参数
* http://localhost:8080/name?name=shuzhan&age=10*/
server.get('/name', function (request, response) {
    let query = request.query;
    console.log(query);
    response.send(query);
});

/*get请求，通过动态参数拼接
* http://localhost:8080/queryById/2*/
server.get('/queryById/:id', function (request, response) {
    let id = request.params;
    console.log(id);
    /*{ id: '2' }*/
    response.send(id);
})

/*get请求多个参数：
http://localhost:8080/query/2/shuzhan*/
server.get('/query/:id/:name', function (request, response) {
    let params = request.params;
    console.log(params);
    /*{ id: '2', name: 'shuzhan' }*/
    response.send(params);
})

二、express静态资源托管

• express.static()：将目录下的img,css,js对外公开访问
• 静态文件的目录名不会出现在url中
• 目录名和当前启动服务的js代码平级

let express = require('express');

let server = express();

server.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('Server Start Successfully');
})

/*将和本js文件平级目录下的，public目录下的img，css，js，html对外暴露
  1.可以修改目录，需要注意找到对应的public路径
  2.图片访问地址： http://localhost:8080/1.jpg
  3.可以定一个多个静态资源路径
  4. 从上往下，根据静态资源加载目录来查看对应的文件*/
server.use(express.static('../public'));
server.use(express.static('../static'));

/*静态资源访问时候，可以指定路径前缀
* 1. http://localhost:8080/nike/index.html*/
server.use('/nike', express.static('../entry'));

三、express路由

1. 直接挂载，如上所属

2. 路由模块化

userRouter.js

let express = require('express');

let userRouter = express.Router();

/*定义多个路由*/
userRouter.get('/name', function (request, response) {
    response.send('User name : erick');
});

userRouter.get('/age', function (request, response) {
    response.send('User age : 20');
});

/*不要用{}方式导出*/
module.exports = userRouter;

index.js

let express = require('express');
let userRouter = require('../router/userRouter');

let server = express();

server.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('Server Start Successfully');
})

/*使用当前导入的router
 1. 可以挂载多个路由
 2. 声明顺序决定路由加载顺序
 3. 如果一个路由匹配到，后续则不再匹配*/
server.use(userRouter);

3. 路由模块添加统一前缀

let express = require('express');
let userRouter = require('../router/userRouter');

let server = express();

server.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('Server Start Successfully');
})

/*路由模块添加统一前缀
* http://localhost:8080/api/name*/
server.use('/api',userRouter);

四、express中间件

• 请求进入express服务后，对请求和响应预处理，类似filter
• 可以处理request或者response，链式处理或者自定义属性

1. 全局中间件

1.1 基本demo

let express = require('express');

let app = express();

app.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('server start successfully');
});


/*定义一个middleware
* 1. 一定是有next函数的，才是一个middleware
* 2. 请求进来后，先进入对应的middleware，再去执行对应的get或者post请求*/
function firstMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    console.log('First Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    /*next：表示当前中间件执行完毕了，继续执行后续操作*/
    next();
}

/*将中间件注册为全局middleware*/
app.use(firstMiddleWare);


app.get('/user', function (request, response) {
    console.log('User Get method is executed');
})

1.2 多个中间件

let express = require('express');

let app = express();

app.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('server start successfully');
});

function firstMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    /*在中间件内部，可以自定义属性或者字段，后面的中间件，可以获取改属性*/
    request.startTime = Date.now();
    console.log('First Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    next();
}

function secondMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    console.log(request.startTime);
    console.log('Second Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    next();
}

/*多个中间件执行顺序： 根据中间件的挂载顺序依次执行*/
app.use(firstMiddleWare);
app.use(secondMiddleWare);


app.get('/user', function (request, response) {
    console.log('User Get method is executed');
})

2. 局部中间件

2.1 一个中间件

let express = require('express');

let app = express();

app.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('server start successfully');
});

function firstMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    request.startTime = Date.now();
    console.log('First Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    next();
}

/*局部中间件，不要在app上挂载，而是挂载到具体的方法里面*/
app.get('/user', firstMiddleWare, function (request, response) {
    console.log(request.startTime);
    console.log('User Get method is executed');
})

2.2 多个中间件

• [firstMiddleWare, secondMiddleWare]
• 或者firstMiddleWare，secondMiddleWare

let express = require('express');

let app = express();

app.listen(8080, 'localhost', function () {
    console.log('server start successfully');
});

function firstMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    console.log('First Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    next();
}

function secondMiddleWare(request, response, next) {
    console.log('Second Middle Ware is coming!!!');
    next();
}

/*局部中间件，不要在app上挂载，而是挂载到具体的方法里面*/
app.get('/user', [firstMiddleWare, secondMiddleWare], function (request, response) {
    console.log('User Get method is executed');
})

3. 注意事项

• 中间件要在路由挂载前
• 可以声明多个中间件，多个中间件共享request和response
• 中间件必须要调用next()
• 避免代码逻辑混乱，不要在next()后加入其他代码