R fundamentals 1:variables, operators and vectorized operations

variables and environment

match.score=300
match.score

make custom environment

test=new.env()

assign new variable in the custom environment

test$x=300

get variables from a custom environment

test$x

operators

arithmetic operator

exact divison

10/3

integar division

division with an integer outcome

10%/%3

modulus

10%%3

exponent

10**5

format big numbers without a scientific notation

format(10**5,scientific = FALSE)

mathematical functions

absolute function

abs(-5)

factorial

factorial(3)

log function

natural number e as the base

 log(2)

choose a log base

log(2,base=2)

set global settings

lots of default settings in Rstudio

options()

change the decimal digits
In default, decimals have 7 digits after the point

options(digits = 10)

pi with 10 digits after the point

special numbers

benefits

for data overflow, no mathematical sense, missing data
for program execution or to terminate the adverse program gracefully

data overflow

1/0

“Inf” for positive infinity

Inf+1

check if the calculation is infinite

is.infinite(1/0)

undefined

Inf/Inf

“NaN” for no mathematical sense

NaN is short for “not a number”

check if NaN

is.nan(Inf/Inf)

missing value

“NA” for missing value

NA+5

check if missing value

is.na(NA+5)

logical operator

2>3

"|"for or

T|F

vectorized operations

benefit

explicit coding, no need for loop

vector concept

vector: the one-dimensional set of value of similar type

student.scores=c(1,2,3)

vectorized operation FLavor 1:

__ input a vector and output a scalar__

mean(student.scores)

vectorized operation FLavor 2:

input a vector and output a vector

final.marks=student.scores+5

final.marks

final.marks>2

vectorized operation Flavor 3:

input multiple vectors and output a vector

math.scores=c(1,2,3)
sports.scores=c(2,3,4)
total.scores=math.scores+sports.scores
total.scores