opencv入门基础（四）灰度，彩色直方图

opencv入门基础（四）灰度，彩色直方图

一.基本概念

定义：直方图是图像中像素强度分布的图形表达方式。
特征：直方图不再表征任何的图像纹理信息，而是对图像像素的统计。由于同一物体无论是旋转还 是平移在图像中都具有相同的灰度值，因此直方图具有平移不变性、缩放不变性等优点。
关键函数：
cv2.calcHist(images,channels,mask,histSize,ranges[hist[,accumulate]])
images：整型类型（uint8和float32）的原图（list形式显示）
channels：通道的索引，[0]代表灰度图片，[0],[1],[2]代表多通道
mask：计算指定区域的直方图，如果为none，那么计算全图
histSize(bins)：每个色调（0-255）对应的像素数量/频率
range：强度值的范围，[0-255]、
具体功能可见下面例程。

import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# 显示图片
def show_image(image,title,pos):  # 参数:图片，名称，位置
    # 顺序转换:由BGR转换为RGB
    image_RGB = image[:,:,::-1]  # 前两个参数height，width不变，channel变换
    # 也可以用
    # b,g,r = cv2.split(image)
    # image_new = cv2.merge([r,g,b])
    plt.title(title)
    plt.subplot(2,3,pos)
    plt.imshow(image_RGB)
# 显示图片的灰度直方图
def show_histogram(hist,title,pos,color):
    # 显示标题
    plt.title(title)
    plt.subplot(2,3,pos)
    plt.xlabel("Bins")
    plt.ylabel("Pixels")
    plt.xlim([0,256])
    plt.plot(hist,color=color)
# 主函数main()
def main():
    # 创建画布
    plt.figure(figsize=(15,6))
    plt.suptitle("Gray Image Histogram",fontsize=14,fontweight="bold")
    # 加载图片
    img = cv2.imread("BIT.jpg")
    # 灰度转换
    img_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    # 计算灰度图的直方图
    hist_img = cv2.calcHist([img_gray],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
    # 展示直方图
    img_BGR = cv2.cvtColor(img_gray,cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
    show_image(img_BGR ,"BGR image",1)
    show_histogram(hist_img,"gray image histogram",4,"m")

    # 对图片中的每个像素增加50
    M = np.ones(img_gray.shape,np.uint8)*50
    added_img = cv2.add(img_gray,M)
    added_img_hist = cv2.calcHist([added_img],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
    added_img_BGR = cv2.cvtColor(added_img,cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
    show_image(added_img_BGR,"added image",2)
    show_histogram(added_img_hist,"added image hist",5,"m")
    # 对图片中的每个像素减少50
    subtract_img = cv2.subtract(img_gray,M)
    subtract_img_hist = cv2.calcHist([subtract_img],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
    subtract_img_BGR = cv2.cvtColor(subtract_img,cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
    show_image(subtract_img_BGR,"substracted image",3)
    show_histogram(subtract_img_hist,"substracted image hist",6,"m")

    plt.show()
main()

结果如下（对原图进行所有像素加50和减50，看直方图变化）：

二.mask掩膜

简单来说，mask就是以一个特定的形状，去提取图像中我们感兴趣的特定区域，再在该区域进行直方图统计。

mport cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def show_image(image,title,pos):
    img_RGB = image[:,:,::-1]
    plt.title(title)
    plt.subplot(2,2,pos)
    plt.imshow(img_RGB)
def show_histogram(hist,title,pos,color):
    plt.subplot(2,2,pos)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xlim([0,256])
    plt.plot(hist,color=color)
def main():
    plt.figure(figsize=(12,7))
    plt.suptitle("Gray Image and Histogram with mask",fontsize=20,fontweight="bold")
    img_gray = cv2.imread("BIT.jpg",cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
    img_gray_hist = cv2.calcHist([img_gray],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
    show_image(img_gray,"image_gray",1)
    show_histogram(img_gray_hist,"image gray histogram",2,"m")
    # 创建mask，计算位图，直方图
    mask = np.zeros(img_gray.shape[:2],np.uint8)
    mask[130:500,600:1400]=255  # 255表示颜色
    img_mask_hist = cv2.calcHist([img_gray],[0],mask,[256],[0,256])
    # 通过与运算计算带有mask的灰度图片
    mask_img = cv2.bitwise_and(img_gray,img_gray,mask=mask)
    show_image(mask_img,"gray image with mask",3)
    show_histogram(img_gray_hist,"histogram with marked gray image",4,"m")


    plt.show()
main()

三.彩色直方图

import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# 显示图片
def show_image(image,title,pos):
    plt.subplot(3,2,pos)
    plt.title(title)
    image_RGB = image[:,:,::-1]
    plt.imshow(image_RGB)
    plt.axis("off")
# 显示彩色直方图
def show_histogram(hist,title,pos,color):
    plt.subplot(3,2,pos)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xlim([0,256])  # 因为是RGB三条线，所以要用循环显示
    for h,c in zip(hist,color):  # color:(b,g,r)
        plt.plot(h,color=c)
# 计算直方图
def calc_color_hist(image):
    hist = []
    hist.append(cv2.calcHist([image],[0],None,[256],[0,256]))
    hist.append(cv2.calcHist([image],[1],None,[256],[0,256]))
    hist.append(cv2.calcHist([image],[2],None,[256],[0,256]))
    return hist
# 主函数
def main():
    plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))
    plt.suptitle("Color Histogram",fontsize=4,fontweight="bold")
    img = cv2.imread("BIT.jpg")
    img_hist = calc_color_hist(img)
    show_image(img,"RGB Image",1)
    show_histogram(img_hist,"RGB Image Hist",2,('b','g','r'))
    # 原始图片中每个像素增加50个像素值
    M = np.ones(img.shape,dtype="uint8")*50
    added_image = cv2.add(img,M)
    added_image_hist = calc_color_hist(added_image)
    show_image(added_image,"added image",3)
    show_histogram(added_image_hist,"added_image_hist",4,('b','g','r'))
    # 原始图片中每个像素减少50个像素值
    subtracted_image = cv2.subtract(img,M)
    subtracted_image_hist = calc_color_hist(subtracted_image)
    show_image(subtracted_image,"substracted image",5)
    show_histogram(subtracted_image_hist,"substracted_image_hist",6,('b','g','r'))
    plt.show()
main()

结果为（对全图像素增加50以及减少50后的颜色直方图显示）：