1. 常见等价无穷小
sin x ∼ x \sin x \sim x sinx∼x | tan x ∼ x \tan x \sim x tanx∼x | arcsin x ∼ x \arcsin x \sim x arcsinx∼x |
arctan x ∼ x \arctan x \sim x arctanx∼x | ( 1 − cos x ) ∼ x 2 2 \left( 1 - \cos x \right) \sim \frac{x^2}{2} (1−cosx)∼2x2 | ln ( 1 + x ) ∼ x \ln (1+x) \sim x ln(1+x)∼x |
( e x − 1 ) ∼ x \left( e^x -1 \right) \sim x (ex−1)∼x | ( a x − 1 ) ∼ x ln a \left( a^x - 1 \right) \sim x \ln a (ax−1)∼xlna | ( ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ) ∼ α x \left( \left( 1+x \right) ^\alpha -1 \right) \sim \alpha x ((1+x)α−1)∼αx |
2. 导数基本公式
一般函数 | 三角函数 | 反三角函数 | 双曲函数 (圆函数) |
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( C ) ′ = 0 \left( C \right)' = 0 (C)′=0 | ( sin x ) ′ = cos x \left( \sin x \right)' = \cos x (sinx)′=cosx | ( arcsin x ) ′ = 1 1 − x 2 \left( \arcsin x \right)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} (arcsinx)′=1−x21 | ( sinh x ) ′ = ( e x − e − x 2 ) ′ = cosh x \left( \sinh x \right)' = \left(\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}\right)' = \cosh x (sinhx)′=(2ex−e−x)′=coshx |
( x α ) ′ = α x α − 1 ( α ∈ Z ) \left( x^\alpha \right)'=\alpha x^{\alpha-1} \left( \alpha \in \mathbf{Z} \right) (xα)′=αxα−1(α∈Z) | ( cos x ) ′ = − sin x \left( \cos x \right)' = -\sin x (cosx)′=−sinx | ( arccos x ) ′ = − 1 1 − x 2 \left( \arccos x \right)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} (arccosx)′=−1−x21 | ( cosh x ) ′ = ( e x + e − x 2 ) ′ = sinh x \left( \cosh x \right)' = \left( \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \right)'=\sinh x (coshx)′=(2ex+e−x)′=sinhx |
( log a x ) ′ = 1 x ln a \left( \log_ax\right)'=\frac{1}{x\ln a} (logax)′=xlna1 | ( tan x ) ′ = 1 cos 2 x = sec 2 x \left( \tan x \right)' = \frac{1}{\cos^2 x}=\sec^2 x (tanx)′=cos2x1=sec2x | ( arctan x ) ′ = 1 1 + x 2 \left( \arctan x \right)' = \frac{1}{1+x^2} (arctanx)′=1+x21 | ( a r s i n h x ) ′ = ( ln ( x + x 2 + 1 ) ) ′ = 1 x 2 + 1 \left( \mathrm{arsinh} \, x \right)' = \left(\ln \left( x+\sqrt{x^2 + 1} \right) \right)' = \frac{1}{x^2+1} (arsinhx)′=(ln(x+x2+1))′=x2+11 |
( ln ( \ln (ln| x x x | ) ′ = 1 x )'=\frac{1}{x} )′=x1 | ( cot x ) ′ = − 1 sin 2 x = − csc 2 x \left( \cot x \right)' = -\frac{1}{\sin^2 x} = -\csc^2 x (cotx)′=−sin2x1=−csc2x | ( a r c c o t x ) ′ = − 1 1 + x 2 \left( \mathrm{arccot} \, x \right)' = -\frac{1}{1+x^2} (arccotx)′=−1+x21 | ( a r c o s h x ) ′ = ( ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) ) ′ = 1 x 2 − 1 \left( \mathrm{arcosh} \, x \right)' = \left( \ln \left( x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right) \right)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} (arcoshx)′=(ln(x+x2−1))′=x2−11 |
( sec x ) ′ = sec x ⋅ tan x \left( \sec x \right)' = \sec x \cdot \tan x (secx)′=secx⋅tanx | |||
( csc x ) ′ = csc x ⋅ cot x \left( \csc x \right)' = \csc x \cdot \cot x (cscx)′=cscx⋅cotx |
- Newton-Leibniz 公式:
( u ⋅ v ) ( n ) = u ( n ) v + n u ( n − 1 ) v ′ + n ( n − 1 ) 2 ! u ( n − 2 ) v ′ ′ + ⋯ + n ( n − 1 ) ⋯ ( n − k + 1 ) k ! u ( n − k ) v ( k ) + ⋯ + u v ( n ) = ∑ k = 0 n C n k u ( u − k ) v k \begin{aligned} \left( u \cdot v \right)^{\left( n \right)} &= u^{\left( n \right)}v + nu^{\left( n-1 \right)}v' + \frac{n \left( n-1 \right)}{2!}u^{\left( n-2 \right)}v'' + \cdots + \frac{n\left( n-1 \right)\cdots\left(n-k+1\right)}{k!}u^{\left( n-k \right)}v^{(k)} + \cdots + uv^{\left( n \right)} \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{n}C_n^k u^{\left( u-k \right)}v^k \end{aligned} (u⋅v)(n)=u(n)v+nu(n−1)v′+2!n(n−1)u(n−2)v′′+⋯+k!n(n−1)⋯(n−k+1)u(n−k)v(k)+⋯+uv(n)=k=0∑nCnku(u−k)vk可以注意到 Newton-Leibniz 公式具有类似二项式定理展开的形式。
3. 几个初等函数的 Maclaurin 公式
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Taylor 公式的一般形式
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) 2 ! ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + R n f(x)=f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x-x_0) + \frac{f''(x_0)}{2!}(x-x_0)^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0)^n + R_n f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+⋯+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn其中
R n = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( x − x 0 ) n + 1 ( ξ 在 x 和 x 0 之 间 ) = o ( ( x − x 0 ) n ) ( x → x 0 ) R_n = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1} \, (\xi\,在\,x\,和\,x_0\,之间) = o\left( \left( x - x_0 \right)^n \right)(x\to x_0) Rn=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)(x−x0)n+1(ξ在x和x0之间)=o((x−x0)n)(x→x0) -
Maclaurin 公式的一般形式
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f ′ ( 0 ) x + f ′ ′ ( 0 ) 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + f ( n ) ( 0 ) n ! x n + R n f(x)=f(0)+f'(0)\,x + \frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}x^n + R_n f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!f′′(0)x2+⋯+n!f(n)(0)xn+Rn其中
R n = f ( n + 1 ) ( ξ ) ( n + 1 ) ! x n + 1 ( ξ 在 0 和 x 之 间 ) = f ( n + 1 ) ( θ x ) ( n + 1 ) ! x n + 1 ( 0 < θ < 1 ) = o ( ( x − x 0 ) n ) ( x → x 0 ) R_n = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}x^{n+1} \, (\xi\,在\,0\,和\,x\,之间) = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\theta x)}{(n+1)!} x^{n+1}(0<\theta<1) = o\left( \left( x - x_0 \right)^n \right)(x\to x_0) Rn=(n+1)!f(n+1)(ξ)xn+1(ξ在0和x之间)=(n+1)!f(n+1)(θx)xn+1(0<θ<1)=o((x−x0)n)(x→x0) -
指数函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
e x = 1 + x + x 2 2 + x 3 3 + ⋯ + x n n ! + e θ x ( n + 1 ) ! ( 0 < θ < 1 ) e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + \cdots +\frac{x^n}{n!} + \frac{e^{\theta x}}{(n+1)!}(0<\theta<1) ex=1+x+2x2+3x3+⋯+n!xn+(n+1)!eθx(0<θ<1) -
正弦函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
sin x = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) m − 1 x 2 m − 1 ( 2 m − 1 ) ! + R 2 m \sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \cdots + (-1)^{m-1}\frac{x^{2m-1}}{(2m-1)!} + R_{2m} sinx=x−3!x3+5!x5+⋯+(−1)m−1(2m−1)!x2m−1+R2m其中
R 2 m = sin ( θ x + ( 2 m − 1 ) π 2 ) ( 2 m + 1 ) ! x 2 m + 1 = o ( x 2 m ) ( 0 < θ < 1 ) R_{2m}=\frac{\sin\left( \theta x + \frac{(2m-1)\pi}{2}\right)}{(2m+1)!}x^{2m+1} = o(x^{2m})(0<\theta <1) R2m=(2m+1)!sin(θx+2(2m−1)π)x2m+1=o(x2m)(0<θ<1) -
余弦函数的 Maclaurin 展开式
cos x = 1 − x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) m x 2 m 2 m ! + R 2 m + 1 \cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \cdots + (-1)^m\frac{x^{2m}}{2m!} + R_{2m+1} cosx=1−2!x2+4!x4+⋯+(−1)m2m!x2m+R2m+1其中 R 2 m + 1 = cos ( θ x + ( m + 1 ) π ) ( 2 m + 2 ) ! x 2 m + 2 = o ( x 2 m + 2 ) ( 0 < θ < 1 ) R_{2m+1}=\frac{\cos(\theta x + (m+1)\pi)}{(2m+2)!} x^{2m+2}=o(x^{2m+2}) (0<\theta <1) R2m+1=(2m+2)!cos(θx+(m+1)π)x2m+2=o(x2m+2)(0<θ<1) -
ln ( 1 + x ) \ln (1+x) ln(1+x) 的 Maclaurin 展开式
ln ( 1 + x ) = x − x 2 2 + x 3 3 − x 4 4 + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n − 1 x n n + R n ( x ) \ln(1+x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} -\frac{x^4}{4} + \cdots + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}x^n}{n} + R_n(x) ln(1+x)=x−2x2+3x3−4x4+⋯+n(−1)n−1xn+Rn(x)其中
R n ( x ) = ( − 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) ( 1 + θ x ) n + 1 x n + 1 = o ( x n ) ( 0 < θ < 1 ) R_n(x) = \frac{(-1)^n}{(n+1)(1+\theta x)^{n+1}}x^{n+1} = o(x^n)(0<\theta <1) Rn(x)=(n+1)(1+θx)n+1(−1)nxn+1=o(xn)(0<θ<1) -
( 1 + x ) α (1+x)^\alpha (1+x)α 的 Maclaurin 展开式
( 1 + x ) α = 1 + α x + α ( α − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + ⋯ + α ( α − 1 ) ⋯ ( α − n + 1 ) n ! x n + R n ( x ) (1+x)^\alpha = 1 + \alpha x + \frac{\alpha(\alpha-1)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{\alpha(\alpha - 1)\cdots (\alpha-n+1)}{n!}x^n + R_n(x) (1+x)α=1+αx+2!α(α−1)x2+⋯+n!α(α−1)⋯(α−n+1)xn+Rn(x)其中
R n ( x ) = α ( α − 1 ) ⋯ ( α − n ) ( n + 1 ) ! ( 1 + θ x ) α − n − 1 x n + 1 = o ( x ) ( 0 < θ < 1 ) R_n(x) = \frac{\alpha(\alpha -1)\cdots(\alpha-n)}{(n+1)!}(1+\theta x)^{\alpha-n-1}x^{n+1} = o(x)(0<\theta <1) Rn(x)=(n+1)!α(α−1)⋯(α−n)(1+θx)α−n−1xn+1=o(x)(0<θ<1) -
1 1 − x \frac{1}{1-x} 1−x1 的 Maclaurin 展开式
1 1 − x = 1 + x + x 2 + ⋯ + x n + o ( x n ) \frac{1}{1-x} = 1+x+x^2+\cdots+x^n +o(x^n) 1−x1=1+x+x2+⋯+xn+o(xn)
4. 曲率及曲率半径
曲率 | 曲率半径 |
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K = ∥ d α d s ∥ = tan α = y ′ ⇒ α = arctan y ′ ∥ y ′ ′ 1 + y ′ 2 d x ∥ 1 + y ′ 2 d x = ∥ y ′ ′ ∥ ( 1 + y ′ ) 3 2 K=\left\| \dfrac{\mathrm{d}\alpha}{\mathrm{d}s}\right\| \xlongequal{\tan \alpha = y' \Rightarrow \alpha = \arctan y'} \dfrac{\left\| \frac{y''}{1+y'^2}\mathrm{d}x \right\|}{\sqrt{1+y'^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \dfrac{\left\| y'' \right\|}{\left( 1 + y' \right)^\frac{3}{2}} K=∥∥∥∥dsdα∥∥∥∥tanα=y′⇒α=arctany′1+y′2∥∥∥1+y′2y′′dx∥∥∥dx=(1+y′)23∥y′′∥ | R = 1 K R = \frac{1}{K} R=K1 |
注:表中的 ∥ ⋅ ∥ \|\cdot\| ∥⋅∥代表绝对值含义,此处因为和Markdown的表格分隔符“ | ”冲突而写成该形式。
5. 积分常用公式
序 | 描述 | 公式 |
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1 | 定积分的定义 | ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) d x = I = lim λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i , 其 中 λ = max { Δ x 1 , Δ x 2 , ⋯ , Δ x n } \int^1_0f(x)\mathrm{d}x=I=\lim_{\lambda \to 0}\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i,其中\lambda = \max \left\{ \Delta x_1,\Delta x_2, \cdots, \Delta x_n \right\} ∫01f(x)dx=I=λ→0limi=1∑nf(ξi)Δxi,其中λ=max{Δx1,Δx2,⋯,Δxn} |
2 | 变上限积分 | 考 察 定 积 分 ∫ a x f ( x ) d x = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t , 对 Φ ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t , 有 Φ ′ ( x ) = d d x ∫ a x f ( t ) d t = f ( x ) 考察定积分\int^x_af(x)\mathrm{d}x=\int^x_af(t)\mathrm{d}t,对\Phi(x)=\int_a^xf(t)\mathrm{d}t,有\Phi'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\int_a^xf(t)\mathrm{d}t = f(x) 考察定积分∫axf(x)dx=∫axf(t)dt,对Φ(x)=∫axf(t)dt,有Φ′(x)=dxd∫axf(t)dt=f(x) |
3. | — | d d x ∫ α ( x ) β ( x ) f ′ ( t ) d t = f [ β ( x ) ] β ′ ( x ) − f [ α ( x ) ] α ′ ( x ) \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\int^{\beta(x)}_{\alpha(x)}f'(t)\mathrm{d}t = f\left[ \beta\left(x\right)\right]\beta'(x)-f[\alpha(x)]\alpha'(x) dxd∫α(x)β(x)f′(t)dt=f[β(x)]β′(x)−f[α(x)]α′(x) |
4 | 上下限对称的积分 | 若 f ( x ) 为 偶 函 数 , 则 ∫ − a a f ( x ) d x = 2 ∫ 0 a f ( x ) d x ; 若 f ( x ) 为 奇 函 数 , 则 ∫ − a a f ( x ) d x = 0 若f(x)为偶函数,则\int_{-a}^af(x)\mathrm{d}x=2\int_0^af(x)\mathrm{d}x;若f(x)为奇函数,则\int_{-a}^af(x)\mathrm{d}x=0 若f(x)为偶函数,则∫−aaf(x)dx=2∫0af(x)dx;若f(x)为奇函数,则∫−aaf(x)dx=0 |
5 | 周期函数的积分 | f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) ⇒ ∫ 0 n T f ( x ) d x = n ∫ 0 T f ( x ) d x f(x+T)=f(x)\Rightarrow\int_0^{nT}f(x)\mathrm{d}x=n\int^T_0f(x)\mathrm{d}x f(x+T)=f(x)⇒∫0nTf(x)dx=n∫0Tf(x)dx |
6 | 分部积分法 | ∫ u v ′ d x = u v − ∫ u ′ v d x ⇔ ∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u \int uv'\mathrm{d}x=uv - \int u'v\mathrm{d}x \Leftrightarrow \int u\mathrm{d}v = uv - \int v\mathrm{d}u ∫uv′dx=uv−∫u′vdx⇔∫udv=uv−∫vdu |
6. 基本积分表
序 | 积分式 |
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1 | ∫ k d x = k x + C , 特 别 地 ∫ d x = x + C \int k\mathrm{d}x=kx+C,特别地\int\mathrm{d}x=x+C ∫kdx=kx+C,特别地∫dx=x+C |
2 | ∫ x μ d x = x μ + 1 μ + 1 + C ( μ ≠ − 1 ) , 特 别 地 ∫ d x x 2 = − 1 x + C , ∫ d x x = 2 x + C \int x^\mu\mathrm{d}x=\frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1}+C(\mu\ne-1),特别地\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2}=-\frac{1}{x}+C,\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x}}=2\sqrt{x}+C ∫xμdx=μ+1xμ+1+C(μ=−1),特别地∫x2dx=−x1+C,∫xdx=2x+C |
3 | ∫ d x x = ln ∥ x ∥ + C \int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}=\ln \|x\|+C ∫xdx=ln∥x∥+C |
4 | ∫ d x 1 + x 2 = arctan x + C \int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+x^2} = \arctan x +C ∫1+x2dx=arctanx+C |
5 | ∫ d x 1 − x 2 = arcsin x + C \int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\arcsin x+C ∫1−x2dx=arcsinx+C |
6 | ∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C , ∫ cos x d x = sin x + C \int\sin x\mathrm{d}x = -\cos x+C,\int\cos x\mathrm{d}x = \sin x +C ∫sinxdx=−cosx+C,∫cosxdx=sinx+C |
7 | ∫ d x cos 2 x = ∫ sec 2 x d x = tan x + C , ∫ d x sin 2 x = ∫ csc 2 x d x = − cot x + C \int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\cos^2x} = \int\sec^2x\mathrm{d}x = \tan x +C,\int\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sin^2x}=\int\csc^2x\mathrm{d}x = -\cot x +C ∫cos2xdx=∫sec2xdx=tanx+C,∫sin2xdx=∫csc2xdx=−cotx+C |
8 | ∫ a x d x = a x ln a + C , 特 别 地 ∫ e x d x = e x + C \int a^x\mathrm{d}x = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C,特别地\int e^x\mathrm{d}x = e^x +C ∫axdx=lnaax+C,特别地∫exdx=ex+C |
9 | ∫ sinh x d x = cosh x + C , ∫ cosh x d x = sinh x + C \int \sinh x\mathrm{d}x = \cosh x + C,\int \cosh x \mathrm{d}x=\sinh x +C ∫sinhxdx=coshx+C,∫coshxdx=sinhx+C |
注:表中的 ∥ ⋅ ∥ \|\cdot\| ∥⋅∥代表绝对值含义,此处因为和Markdown的表格分隔符“ | ”冲突而写成该形式。
7. 三角函数相关公式
序 | 公式 |
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1 | sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 , tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x , cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x \sin^2x+\cos^2x=1, \tan^2x+1=\sec^2x,\cot^2x+1=\csc^2x sin2x+cos2x=1,tan2x+1=sec2x,cot2x+1=csc2x |
2 | cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 , sinh ( x ± y ) = sinh x ⋅ cosh y ± sinh y ⋅ cosh x , cosh ( x ± y ) = cosh x ⋅ cosh y , sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x ⋅ cosh x , cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x = 2 cosh 2 x − 1 \begin{aligned}&\cosh^2x-\sinh^2x=1,\\ &\sinh(x\pm y)=\sinh x\cdot\cosh y \pm \sinh y\cdot\cosh x, \cosh(x\pm y) = \cosh x\cdot\cosh y,\\ &\sinh2x = 2\sinh x\cdot \cosh x, \cosh 2x = \cosh^2x+\sinh^2x = 2\cosh^2x - 1\end{aligned} cosh2x−sinh2x=1,sinh(x±y)=sinhx⋅coshy±sinhy⋅coshx,cosh(x±y)=coshx⋅coshy,sinh2x=2sinhx⋅coshx,cosh2x=cosh2x+sinh2x=2cosh2x−1 |
3 积化和差公式 | sin α cos β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ] , cos α sin β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) ] , cos α cos β = 1 2 [ c o s ( α + β ) + c o s ( α − β ) ] , sin α sin β = − 1 2 [ cos ( α + β ) − cos ( α − β ) ] \sin\alpha\cos\beta=\frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta)+\sin(\alpha-\beta)],\cos\alpha\sin\beta = \frac12[\sin(\alpha+\beta) - \sin(\alpha-\beta)],\\ \cos\alpha\cos\beta = \frac12[cos(\alpha+\beta) + cos(\alpha - \beta)], \sin\alpha\sin\beta=-\frac12[\cos(\alpha+\beta) - \cos(\alpha-\beta)] sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)],cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)],cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)],sinαsinβ=−21[cos(α+β)−cos(α−β)] |
4 和差化积公式 | sin α + sin β = 2 sin ( α + β 2 ) cos ( α − β 2 ) , sin α − sin β = 2 sin ( α − β 2 ) cos ( α + β 2 ) , cos α + cos β = 2 cos ( α + β 2 ) cos ( α − β 2 ) , cos α − cos β = − 2 sin ( α + β 2 ) sin ( α − β 2 ) \sin\alpha + \sin\beta = 2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), \sin\alpha - \sin\beta = 2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right), \\ \cos\alpha + \cos\beta = 2\cos\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \cos\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), \cos\alpha - \cos\beta = -2\sin\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right) \sin\left(\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right) sinα+sinβ=2sin(2α+β)cos(2α−β),sinα−sinβ=2sin(2α−β)cos(2α+β),cosα+cosβ=2cos(2α+β)cos(2α−β),cosα−cosβ=−2sin(2α+β)sin(2α−β) |
5 三角代换 | a 2 − x 2 → x = a sin t a cos t , a 2 + x 2 → x = a tan t a sec t , x 2 − a 2 → x = a sec t a tan t ( a > 0 , t ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) ) \sqrt{a^2-x^2}\xrightarrow{x=a\sin t}a\cos t, \sqrt{a^2+x^2} \xrightarrow{x=a\tan t}a\sec t, \sqrt{x^2-a^2}\xrightarrow{x=a\sec t}a\tan t \left( a>0,t\in\left( -\frac{\pi}{2} , \frac{\pi}{2} \right) \right) a2−x2x=asintacost,a2+x2x=atantasect,x2−a2x=asectatant(a>0,t∈(−2π,2π)) |
6 | ∫ a 2 − x 2 d x = a 2 2 arcsin x a + 1 2 x a 2 − x 2 + C ( a > 0 ) \int\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\mathrm{d}x = \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac xa + \frac12x\sqrt{a^2-x^2} + C(a>0) ∫a2−x2dx=2a2arcsinax+21xa2−x2+C(a>0) |
7 | ∫ x 2 + a 2 d x = x 2 x 2 + a 2 + a 2 2 ln ∥ x + x 2 + a 2 ∥ + C ( a > 0 ) \int\sqrt{x^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}x = \frac x2\sqrt{x^2+a^2} + \frac{a^2}2\ln \left\| x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2} \right\|+C(a>0) ∫x2+a2dx=2xx2+a2+2a2ln∥∥∥x+x2+a2∥∥∥+C(a>0) |
8 | ∫ 1 x 2 + a 2 d x = ln ∥ x + x 2 + a 2 ∥ + C , ∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = ln ∥ x + x 2 + a 2 ∥ ( a > 0 ) 特 别 地 , ∫ 1 x 2 + 1 d x = ( x + x 2 + 1 ) = a r s i n h x , ∫ 1 x 2 − 1 d x = ln ( x + x 2 − 1 ) = a r c o s h x \int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| x+ \sqrt{x^2+a^2} \right\| +C, \int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| x + \sqrt{x^2+a^2}\right\|(a>0)\\ 特别地,\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}\mathrm{d}x=\left(x+\sqrt{x^2+1}\right) = \mathrm{arsinh}\, x,\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left( x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right) = \mathrm{arcosh}\, x ∫x2+a21dx=ln∥∥∥x+x2+a2∥∥∥+C,∫x2−a21dx=ln∥∥∥x+x2+a2∥∥∥(a>0)特别地,∫x2+11dx=(x+x2+1)=arsinhx,∫x2−11dx=ln(x+x2−1)=arcoshx |
9 | ∫ sec x d x = ∫ 1 cos x d x = ∫ sec 2 x + sec x tan x sec x + tan x d x = ∫ 1 sec x + tan x d ( sec x + tan x ) = ln ∥ sec x + tan x ∥ + C \int\sec x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\sec^2x+\sec x \tan x}{\sec x + \tan x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sec x + \tan x}\mathrm{d}(\sec x + \tan x) = \ln \left\| \sec x + \tan x \right\| + C ∫secxdx=∫cosx1dx=∫secx+tanxsec2x+secxtanxdx=∫secx+tanx1d(secx+tanx)=ln∥secx+tanx∥+C |
10 | ∫ csc x d x = ∫ 1 sin x d x = ln ∥ tan x 2 ∥ + C = 1 2 ln ∥ 1 − cos x 1 + cos x ∥ + C \int\csc x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x = \ln\left\| \tan\frac x2 \right\| + C = \frac 12 \ln \left\| \frac{1-\cos x}{1 + \cos x}\right\| + C ∫cscxdx=∫sinx1dx=ln∥∥∥tan2x∥∥∥+C=21ln∥∥∥∥1+cosx1−cosx∥∥∥∥+C |
11 | ∫ tan x d x = ∫ sin x cos x d x = − ∫ 1 cos x d ( cos x ) = − ln ∥ cos x ∥ + C \int\tan x\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}x = -\int\frac{1}{\cos x}\mathrm{d}(\cos x) = -\ln \left\| \cos x\right\| +C ∫tanxdx=∫cosxsinxdx=−∫cosx1d(cosx)=−ln∥cosx∥+C |
12 | ∫ 1 tan x d x = ∫ cos x sin x d x = ∫ 1 sin x d ( sin x ) = ln ∥ sin x ∥ + C \int\frac{1}{\tan x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x = \int\frac{1}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}(\sin x) = \ln\left\| \sin x \right\| + C ∫tanx1dx=∫sinxcosxdx=∫sinx1d(sinx)=ln∥sinx∥+C |
13 | ∫ arctan x d x = x arctan x − ln ∥ 1 + x 2 ∥ + C \int\arctan x\mathrm{d}x = x\arctan x - \ln \left\| 1+x^2 \right\| +C ∫arctanxdx=xarctanx−ln∥∥1+x2∥∥+C |
14 Wallis 公式 | ∫ 0 π 2 sin n x d x = ∫ 0 π 2 cos n x d x = { n − 1 n ⋅ n − 3 n − 2 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 1 2 ⋅ π 2 , n 为 偶 数 n − 1 n ⋅ n − 3 n − 2 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 1 , n 为 奇 数 = { ( n − 1 ) ! ! n ! ! ⋅ π 2 , n 为 偶 数 ( n − 1 ) ! ! n ! ! , n 为 奇 数 \int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x = \int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} \frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac12\cdot\frac\pi2,&n为偶数 \\ \frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac23\cdot1,&n为奇数 \end{cases} = \begin{cases} \frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}\cdot\frac\pi2,&n为偶数 \\ \frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!},&n为奇数 \end{cases} ∫02πsinnxdx=∫02πcosnxdx={nn−1⋅n−2n−3⋅⋯⋅21⋅2π,nn−1⋅n−2n−3⋅⋯⋅32⋅1,n为偶数n为奇数={n!!(n−1)!!⋅2π,n!!(n−1)!!,n为偶数n为奇数 |
15 | ∫ 0 π sin n x d x = 2 ∫ 0 π 2 sin n x d x , ∫ 0 π cos n x d x = { 2 ∫ 0 π 2 cos n x d x , n 为 偶 数 0 , n 为 奇 数 ∫ 0 2 π sin n x = ∫ 0 2 π cos n x d x = { 4 ∫ 0 π 2 sin n x d x , n 为 偶 数 0 , n 为 奇 数 ∫ 0 π 2 f ( sin x ) d x = ∫ 0 π 2 f ( cos x ) d x , ∫ 0 π f ( sin x ) d x ≠ ∫ 0 π f ( cos x ) d x ∫ 0 π π f ( sin x ) d x = π 2 ∫ 0 π f ( sin x ) d x = π ∫ 0 π 2 f ( sin x ) d x \int_0^\pi\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x = 2\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x,\int_0^\pi\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} 2\int^\frac\pi2_0\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x,&n为偶数 \\ 0,&n为奇数 \end{cases} \\ \int_0^{2\pi}\sin^nx = \int_0^{2\pi}\cos^nx\mathrm{d}x = \begin{cases} 4\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nx\mathrm{d}x,&n为偶数 \\ 0,&n为奇数 \end{cases} \\ \int_0^\frac\pi2f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \int_0^\frac\pi2f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x, \int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x \ne \int_0^\pi f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x \\ \int_0^\pi\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \frac\pi2\int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x = \pi\int_0^\frac\pi2 f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x ∫0πsinnxdx=2∫02πsinnxdx,∫0πcosnxdx={2∫02πcosnxdx,0,n为偶数n为奇数∫02πsinnx=∫02πcosnxdx={4∫02πsinnxdx,0,n为偶数n为奇数∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫02πf(cosx)dx,∫0πf(sinx)dx=∫0πf(cosx)dx∫0ππf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx=π∫02πf(sinx)dx |
16 万能公式 | 令 u = tan x 2 , x = 2 arctan u , 则 sin x = 2 u 1 + u 2 , cos x = 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 , d x = 2 1 + u 2 d u 令u=\tan\frac x2,x=2\arctan u,则\sin x = \frac{2u}{1+u^2},\cos x=\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}, \mathrm{d}x = \frac{2}{1+u^2}\mathrm{d}u 令u=tan2x,x=2arctanu,则sinx=1+u22u,cosx=1+u21−u2,dx=1+u22du |
17 | ∫ a cos x + b sin x c cos x + d sin x = A ∫ d x + B ∫ d ( c cos x + d sin x ) c cos x + d sin x ( 设 a cos x + b sin x = A ( c cos x + d sin x ) + B ( c cos x + d sin x ) ′ , 由 待 定 系 数 法 求 出 A 、 B ) \int \frac{a\cos x+ b\sin x}{c\cos x + d \sin x} = A\int\mathrm{d}x+B\int\frac{\mathrm{d}(c\cos x+d \sin x)}{c \cos x + d \sin x} \\ (设a\cos x + b\sin x = A(c \cos x + d \sin x) + B(c \cos x + d \sin x)',由待定系数法求出A、B) ∫ccosx+dsinxacosx+bsinx=A∫dx+B∫ccosx+dsinxd(ccosx+dsinx)(设acosx+bsinx=A(ccosx+dsinx)+B(ccosx+dsinx)′,由待定系数法求出A、B) |
注:表中的 ∥ ⋅ ∥ \|\cdot\| ∥⋅∥代表绝对值含义,此处因为和Markdown的表格分隔符“ | ”冲突而写成该形式。