项目2：数据可视化（二）随机漫步

from random import choice

class RandomWalk():
    """一个生成随机漫步数据的类"""
    
    def __init__(self, num_points = 50000):
        """初始化随机漫步的属性"""
        self.num_points = num_points
        
        # 所有随机漫步都始于(0, 0)
        self.x_values = [0]
        self.y_values = [0]
        
    def fill_walk(self):
        """计算随机漫步包含的所有点"""
        
        #不断漫步，知道列表到达指定的长度
        while len(self.x_values) < self.num_points:
            
            # 决定前进方向以及沿这个方向前进的距离
            x_direction = choice([1, -1])
            x_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
            x_step = x_direction * x_distance
            
            y_direction = choice([1, -1])
            y_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
            y_step = y_direction * y_distance
            
            # 拒绝原地踏步
            if x_step == 0 and y_step == 0:
                continue
            
            # 计算下一个点的x和y值
            next_x = self.x_values[-1] + x_step
            next_y = self.y_values[-1] + y_step
            
            self.x_values.append(next_x)
            self.y_values.append(next_y)

• choice(list[ ])函数随机选择列表中的一个值
• 每次随机漫步到下一个点位，就将这个点的坐标加入x_values和y_values里面，直到产生了5000个点为止

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, s = 3)
plt.show()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
while True:
    # 创建一个随机漫步实例，并将其包含的各点都绘制出来
    rw = RandomWalk()
    rw.fill_walk()
    
    point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, c = point_numbers, cmap = plt.cm.Reds, edgecolor = 'none', s = 3)
    plt.show()
    
    keep_running = input("Make another walk?(y/n):")
    if keep_running == 'n':
        break

Make another walk?(y/n):y

Make another walk?(y/n):y

Make another walk?(y/n):n

• 将绘图函数块放在while循环中，实现模拟多次随机漫步
• 给点着色，使用颜色映射来指出漫步中各点的先后顺序，并删除各点的黑色轮廓使其更美观

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
while True:
    # 创建一个随机漫步实例，并将其包含的各点都绘制出来
    rw = RandomWalk()
    rw.fill_walk()
    
    # 设置窗口的尺寸
    plt.figure(dpi = 334, figsize = (10, 6))
    
    point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, c = point_numbers, cmap = plt.cm.Reds, edgecolor = 'none', s = 1)
    
    # 绘制完成后，重新绘制起点和终点，突出显示
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values[0], rw.y_values[0], c = 'blue', edgecolor = 'none', s = 100)
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1], rw.y_values[-1], c = 'green', edgecolor = 'none', s = 100)
    
    # 隐藏坐标轴
    plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
    plt.show()
    
    keep_running = input("Make another walk?(y/n):")
    if keep_running == 'n':
        break

E:\Python\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\ipykernel_launcher.py:18: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: Adding an axes using the same arguments as a previous axes currently reuses the earlier instance.  In a future version, a new instance will always be created and returned.  Meanwhile, this warning can be suppressed, and the future behavior ensured, by passing a unique label to each axes instance.
E:\Python\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\ipykernel_launcher.py:19: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: Adding an axes using the same arguments as a previous axes currently reuses the earlier instance.  In a future version, a new instance will always be created and returned.  Meanwhile, this warning can be suppressed, and the future behavior ensured, by passing a unique label to each axes instance.

Make another walk?(y/n):n

• plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)函数用来设置坐标轴不可见
• plt.figure(dpi = , figsize = ())函数用来指图表的宽度、高度、分辨率