python基础知识整理函数（七）

                                   ------ 函数------

例最简单的函数结构
def greet_user():
“”“显示简单的问候语”""
print(“Hello!”)
greet_user()

向函数传递信息
def greet_user(username):
“”“显示简单的问候语”""
print(“Hello”+username.title()+’!’)
greet_user(‘晴天’)

实参和形参
在函数greet_user() 的定义中，变量username 是一个形参 ——函数完成其工作所需的一项信息。在代码greet_user(‘jesse’) 中，值’jesse’ 是一个实参 。实参是
调用函数时传递给函数的信息。我们调用函数时，将要让函数使用的信息放在括号内。在greet_user(‘晴天’) 中，将实参’jesse’ 传递给了函数greet_user() ，这个
值被存储在形参username 中

位置实参
多个参数时 基于实参的顺序。这种关联方式被称为位置实参,位置实参很重要切记位置
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
“”“显示宠物的信息”""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + “.”)
print(“我的猫的品种是:” + animal_type + " 宠物名字叫: " + pet_name.title() + “.”)
describe_pet(‘波斯猫’, ‘微笑’)
#调用多次函数
describe_pet(‘狸猫’, ‘王贺’)

关键字参数
关键字实参 是传递给函数的名称—值对。你直接在实参中将名称和值关联起来了，因此向函数传递实参时不会混淆（不会得到名为Hamster的harry这样的结果）。关键字实参让
你无需考虑函数调用中的实参顺序
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
“”“显示宠物的信息”""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + “.”)
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + “.”)
describe_pet(animal_type=‘hamster’, pet_name=‘harry’)

参数默认值
编写函数时，可给每个形参指定默认值 。在调用函数中给形参提供了实参时，Python将使用指定的实参值；否则，将使用形参的默认值
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type=‘dog’):
“”“显示宠物的信息”""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + “.”)
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + “.”)
describe_pet(pet_name=‘willie’)
describe_pet(‘willie’)

避免实参错误（经常犯得错误）
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
“”“显示宠物的信息”""
print("\nI have a " + animal_type + “.”)
print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + “.”)
describe_pet()

运行上个例子时的报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/python18/python_18/python_day_34.py”, line 54, in
describe_pet()
TypeError: describe_pet() missing 2 required positional arguments: ‘animal_type’ and ‘pet_name’

函数的返回值
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
“”“返回整洁的姓名”""
full_name = first_name + ’ ’ + last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name(‘jimi’, ‘hendrix’)
print(musician)

让实参变成可选的
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=’’):
“”“返回整洁的姓名”""
if middle_name:
full_name = first_name + ’ ’ + middle_name + ’ ’ + last_name
else:
full_name = first_name + ’ ’ + last_name
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name(‘jimi’, ‘hendrix’)
print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name(‘john’, ‘hooker’, ‘lee’)
print(musician)

返回字典
def build_person(first_name, last_name):
“”“返回一个字典，其中包含有关一个人的信息”""
person = {‘first’: first_name, ‘last’: last_name}
return person
musician = build_person(‘jimi’, ‘hendrix’)
print(musician)

结合函数和while循环
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
“”“返回整洁的姓名”""
full_name = first_name + ’ ’ + last_name
return full_name.title()
#这是一个无限循环!
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
f_name = input("First name: ")
l_name = input("Last name: “)
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
print(”\nHello, " + formatted_name + “!”)

例二
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
“”“返回整洁的姓名”""
full_name = first_name + ’ ’ + last_name
return full_name.title()
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name:")
print("(enter ‘q’ at any time to quit)")
f_name = input("First name: ")
if f_name == ‘q’:
break
l_name = input("Last name: “)
if l_name == ‘q’:
break
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
print(”\nHello, " + formatted_name + “!”)

传递列表
def greet_users(names):
“”“向列表中的每位用户都发出简单的问候”""
for name in names:
msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + “!”
print(msg)
usernames = [‘hannah’, ‘ty’, ‘margot’]
greet_users(usernames)

在函数中修改列表
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
“”" 模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中
“”"
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
# 模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
print(“Printing model: " + current_design)
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
“”“显示打印好的所有模型””"
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
unprinted_designs = [‘iphone case’, ‘robot pendant’, ‘dodecahedron’]
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

结合使用位置参数和任意数量实参
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
“”“概述要制作的比萨”""
print("\nMaking a " + str(size) +
“-inch pizza with the following toppings:”)
for topping in toppings:
print("- " + topping)
make_pizza(16, ‘pepperoni’)
make_pizza(12, ‘mushrooms’, ‘green peppers’, ‘extra cheese’)

使用任意变量的关键字实参
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
“”“创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切”""
profile = {}
profile[‘first_name’] = first
profile[‘last_name’] = last
for key, value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_profile(‘albert’, ‘einstein’,
location=‘princeton’,
field=‘physics’)
print(user_profile)