量子力学常用知识汇总 (部分)

follow ”Modern Quantum Mechanics“（Sakurai）

第一章 算符

1. Hermitian Operator $A=A^{†}$, $A={\sum }_a|a⟩a⟨a|$
2. 2*2 hermitian matrix, $X=a_{0}I+\vec{\sigma }\cdot \vec{a}$
3. expectancy value: $⟨A⟩=⟨\psi |\hat{A}|\psi ⟩$
4. Vector operator, ex. $\vec{S}=S_x\hat{x}+S_y\hat{y}+S_z\hat{z}$; Scalar operator, ex. $S^2=S_x^2+S_y^2+S_z^2$
5. if $[A,B]=0$, $⟨a^{\prime \prime }|B|a^{\prime }⟩=0$
6. Schwarz inequality: $⟨\alpha |\alpha ⟩⟨\beta |\beta ⟩\ge |⟨\alpha |\beta ⟩{|}^2$
7. the Uncertainty Relationship: $⟨(\Delta A{)}^2⟩+⟨(\Delta B{)}^2⟩\ge \frac{1}{4}|⟨[A,B]⟩{|}^2$
8. when $\Delta A|⟩=\lambda \Delta B|⟩$, $\lambda$ is pure imaginary number, uncertainty ralationship equates.
9. Unitary operator: $U^{†}U=U{U}^{†}=1$
10. Uintary operator and Hermitian relationship: $U(ϵ)=1+iHϵ$ wher $ϵ$ is infinitesmal translation
11. important
    $$\exp (iG\lambda )A\exp (-iG\lambda )=A+i\lambda [G,A]+\frac{(i\lambda {)}^2}{2!}[G,[G,A]]+\dots$$
12. Translation operator and momentum operator: $D(x^{\prime })=\exp (-i\hat{p}{x}^{\prime }/\hslash )$, $D(x^{\prime })|x⟩=|x+x^{\prime }⟩$, $⟨x|D(x^{\prime })=⟨x-x^{\prime }|$, $\hat{p}=-i\hslash {\partial }_x$
13. relationship between x and p: $⟨x^{\prime }|p|x^{\prime \prime }⟩=-i\hslash {\partial }_{x^{\prime }}\delta (x^{\prime }-x^{\prime \prime })$; $⟨x^{\prime }|p^{\prime }⟩=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi \hslash }}\exp (i{p}^{\prime }{x}^{\prime }/\hslash )$. 3-dimension, $⟨{\vec{x}}^{\prime }|{\vec{p}}^{\prime }⟩=\frac{1}{(2\pi \hslash {)}^{3/2}}\exp (i{\vec{p}}^{\prime }\cdot {\vec{x}}^{\prime }/\hslash )$
14. Ehrenfest’s Theorem $[x_i,G(\vec{p})]=i\hslash {\partial }_{p_i}G$; $[p_i,F(\vec{x})]=-i\hslash {\partial }_{x_i}F$
15. Gaussian Wave Packet: $⟨x|\psi ⟩=\frac{1}{{\pi }^{1/4}\sqrt{d}}\exp [ik{x}^{\prime }]\exp [-x^{\prime 2}/2d^2]$, $⟨p|\psi ⟩=\frac{\sqrt{d}}{\sqrt{\hslash }{\pi }^{1/4}}\exp [-(p^{\prime }-\hslash k{)}^2{d}^2/2{\hslash }^2]$,$⟨x⟩=0$, $⟨x^2⟩=d^2/2$, $⟨p⟩=\hslash k$, $⟨p^2⟩={\hslash }^2{k}^2+{\hslash }^2/2d^2$
16. coherent state: $H=\hslash \omega (a^{†}a+1/2)$, $D(\alpha )=\exp (\alpha a^{†}-{\alpha }^{\ast }a)=\exp (\alpha a^{†})\exp (-\alpha a)\exp (-|\alpha {|}^2/2)$
    $$\begin{array}{rl}a|n⟩& =\sqrt{n}|n⟩\\ a^{†}|n⟩& =\sqrt{n+1}|n⟩\\ a|\alpha ⟩& =\alpha |\alpha ⟩,|\alpha ⟩=D(\alpha )|0⟩=e^{-|\alpha {|}^2/2}\sum _n\frac{{\alpha }^n}{\sqrt{n!}}|n⟩\\ ⟨x|0⟩& =\frac{1}{{\pi }^{1/4}\sqrt{x_0}}\exp [-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x^{\prime }}{x^0}{)}^2],x_0=\sqrt{\hslash /m\omega }\end{array}$$

第二章 动力学

1. $U(t,t_0)=\exp (-iH(t-t_0)/\hslash )$

2. In the interation picture, $i{\partial }_{t}U(t,t_0)\Psi (t_0)=H(t)U(t,t_0)\Psi (t_0)$
   ,
   $$U(t,t_0)=1-i{\int }_{t_0}^{t}d{t}_{1}H(t_1)U(t_1,t_0)$$

   Iteration get Dyson Series:
   $$U(t,t_0)=1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(\frac{-i}{\hslash }{)}^n{\int }_{t_0}^{t}d{t}_1{\int }_{t_0}^{t_1}dt2\cdots {\int }_{t_0}^{t_{n-1}}d{t}_{n}H(t_1)H(t_2)\dots H(t_n)$$

3. $p(t)=|C(t){|}^2$, C(t) is complex amplitude. $C(t)={\sum }_a|<$