从句与非谓语

7.1 名词从句的简化

7.1.1 名词从句动名词

由陈述句变来，即由that引导的名词性从句一般简化成动名词来表达，通常采用动名词复合结构
由疑问句变来的，即由whether/what等引导的名词从句一般简化为不定式

一、that引导的主语从句与动名词
	直接用动名词的复合结构来替换主语从句，放在句首作主语
	1) It surprised us that John won the marathon.
	2) That John won the marathon surprused us.
	3) John's winning the marathon surprised us.
二、that引导的同位语从句与动名词
	英文中没有“名词+动名词”这样的结构，所以变为“名词+of/about+动名词的复合结构”
	1) There was no chance that Davy would come from the battlea alive.
	2) There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive. 
三、that引导的宾语从句与动名词
	that引导的宾语从句既可转换为动名词，也可转换为不定式，与主句谓语动词的用法密切相关
	1) I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future.
	2) I consider emigrating to America in the future.

	1) Jane's mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother.
	2) Jone's mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother.

	1) I hope that I can drive to work in my own car.
	2) I hope to drive to work in my own car.

7.1.2 名词从句与不定式

由疑问句变来，其实主要是宾语从句简化为不定式

	1) She can't decide whether she should go with him or stay home.
	2) She can't decide whether to go with him or stay home.

7.2 定语从句的简化

什么样的定语从句才能简化为短语

7.2.1 定语从句如何才能简化为短语

关系词在定语从句中充当宾语，这样的定语从句不能简化成一个短语。只有当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，才能把定语从句简化为短语

7.2.2 定语从句与短语

其他用作后置定语的短语都可以看作是定语从句简化后的结果，或者都可以用定语从句来改写

	1) The people who were responsible for the incident were all punished.
	2) The people responsible for the incident were all punished.

7.2.3 定语从句与分词

在关系词充当定语从句的主语的前提下，如果从句的谓语是实义动词，那么此时的定语从句简化后一定就是分词短语

一、分词的动作与句子谓语的动作之间的时间关系
	能不能简化关键是看定语从句的谓语时间与主句的谓语时间之间的关系：
		1. 分词的动作是没有时间概念的
		2. 分词动作的时间概念要通过句子谓语的时态体现出来
	因此当定语从句的谓语动作的时间与主句谓语的时间不一致时，此时的定语从句不能改写成分词短语
	
	1) The men working on the site were in some danger.
		= The men who were working on the site were in some danger.

	2) Do you know the boy who broke the window?
	3) Do you know the fire which broke out yesterday?
二、可以简化成分词短语的定语从句
	1. 主从句同为现在时间
		 主从句的谓语动词的动作都是现在的一般的动作，即为一般现在时态
		1) China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.
		2) China is a developing country belonging to the third world.
		同为一般现在时态，且从句是主动语态，这是现在分词表示主动的，一般的动作

	同为一般现在时态，从句的谓语动词是被动结构
		1) Books which are written in English are more expensive.
		2) Books written in English are more expensive.
	主句的谓语表示一般状态，从句的谓语表示现在进行时
		1) Do you know the boy who is playing the violin?
		2) Do you know the boy p;aying the violin?

		1) The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.
		2) The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.
	从句的谓语是被动进行的结构
		1) The car that is being repaired is mine.
		2) The car being repaired is mine.
	2. 主从句的谓语同为过去时间
		1) He used to live in the house which faced south.
		2) He used to live in the house facing south.
	3. 主从句的谓语时间不一致
		有时尽管时间不一致，只要不影响表达，可以简化
		1) The girl who is playing basketball used to be very weak.
		2) The girl playing basketball used to be very weak.
三、无法简化成分词短语的定语从句
	1. 因时态限制不能转换
		从句谓语动作发生时间先于主句谓语动作发生的时间
		
		  Do you know the boy who broke the window?
	2. 定语从句中含有情态动词时
		会失去情态意味则不能简化
		  Is there anyone who can answer the question?
	3. 定语从句由be动词作谓语时
		英语中，“being+形容词”这样的结构不能作后置定语
		Those who are busy don't have to go.

7.2.4 定语从句与不定式

一般来说，被the only, the last, the next, 序数词和最高级形容词修饰的名词

	1) You are the only one that can understand me.
	2) You are the only one to understand me.

	1) The next train that arrives is from New York.
	2) The next train to arrive is from New York.

7.3 状语从句的简化

只有当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，才能把状语从句换成短语

7.3.1 状语从句与分词

	1. 状语从句中含有be动词，只需把从句主语与be动词省去，即可简化
		A zero can have its meaning only when it is used with real numbers; thoughts can give off brilliant light only when they are put into actions.
		A zero can have its meaning only when used with real numbers; thoughts can give off brilliant light only when put into actions.
	2. 状语从句中没有be动词，从句省去主语并且把动词变成现在分词-ing形式
		1) Since I came to Beijing, I have made many new fiends.
		2) Since coming to Beijing, I have made many new friends.

		1) After he jumped out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
		2) After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark.

7.3.2 状语从句与不定式

一般只有目的状语从句能简化为不定式

	1) I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.
	2) I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.

	1) I spoke slowly and clearly so that/in order that the audience could understand me.
	2) I spoke slowly and clearly in order for the audience to understand me.

	1) They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should remember what they had done.
	2) They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.

	1) The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
	2) The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly.