专业英语第二单元作业部分习题答案

(1)It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR)for an op amp,
so lets start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is defined as the ratio of the maximum outputvoltage to the smallest output voltage the DAC can produce.
为运算放大器定义动态范围是极度困难的，所以让我们从数字模拟转换器DAC开始，其中DR定义为最大输出电压与DAC可以产生的最小输出电压之比。

(2)The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp,and the maximum output voltage swing equals VoutMax.This output voltage swing is defined as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH)minus the minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOL).Voh and Vol are easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet（运放集成电路数据手册）
这个动态范围的定义也可用于运算放大器，其最大输出电压摆幅为Voutmax，输出电压摆幅定义运算放大器能达到的最高输出电压（voh）减去最低的输出电压（vol），从运放集成电路数据手册中，可以很容易获得Voh和Vol。

3)Noise fluctuates randomly over a period of time,so instantancous signal or noies levels don’t desribe the situstion adequately.Averages over a long period of time (root mean squared or RMS) are used to descrbe both the signal and the noise.Sigal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was initially established as a measure of the quality of the signal that exists in the presence of noise. This SNR was a pover ratio,and it was established at the output of circuit.The SNR that we are interested in is a voltage ratio because the impedance is constant,and it is established at the input to the op amp.This means that all noise voltages,including resistor noise voltage,must be calculated in RMS volts at the op amp input.

**噪声是在一段时间内随机变化的，信号或噪声电平的瞬时值就不足以
描述这种情形，信号与噪声要用其在较长时段内的平均值来描述。（均方根值，RMS）。信噪比SNR用于度量噪声环境中的信号质量，SNR是功率比是在电路输出端得到的，我们感兴趣的SNR是电压比因为阻抗是常数，是在运算放大器的输入端得到的，就是说全部噪音，包含电阻噪声，电压必须在运算放大器的输入端以均方根值进行计算。

4)The Chebyshev equal ripple filter distributes the roll-off across the whole passband.It introduces more ripples in the passband but provides a sharper roll-off in the transition region.This type of filter has poorer transient and step responses due to its higher Q values in the stages of the filter.
切比雪夫等波纹滤波器的频域滚降分布在整个通带范围内，其通带内波纹较多，而过滤区的滚降比较陡峭。因其在滤波过程中的Q值较高，切比雪夫等波纹滤波器的暂态响应和阶跃响应较差。

5)Chip packageis the housing that chips come in for plugging into (socket mount) or soldering onto (surface mount) the printed circuit board.Creating a mounting for a chip might seem trivial to the uninitiated,but chip packaging is a huge and complicated industry.The
ability to provide more and more I/O interconnections to a die (bare chip)that is increasingly shrinking in size is an ever-present problem. In addition,the smaller size of the package contributes as much to the miniaturization of cell phones and other handheld devices as the shrinking of the semiconductor circuits.
芯片封装就是芯片的外罩。有了它，才能把芯片插入（插座安装）或焊至（表面安装）印制电路板上。在外行看来，芯片安装设计似乎不太重要；事实上，芯片封装技术却是一个庞大、复杂的行业。为尺寸不断缩减的电路小片（裸片）提供越来越多的“输入/输出互连”是经常出现的问题。除此之外，封装和半导体电路的“缩微化”均有助于减小蜂窝电话和其他手挣设备的尺寸。

6)电压和水有个共同点：仅当供应不足时，其价值才会被认识到。低电压系统（低于5V的单电源供电系统）让我们认识到电压的价值。
In one respect，voltage is like water: you don’t appreciate its value until your supply runs low.
Low-voltage systems,defined here as a single power supply less than 5V,teach us to appreciate voltage.

9)噪声决定了系统处理数据和信号的范围。放大器、接收器等设备的信号辨别能力被噪声降低了。噪声混入到输入信号中，运放噪声、电阻噪声和电源噪声最终决定了可重建和可测量信号的大小。
Noise sets a limit on the information and signals that can be handled by a system.The ability of an amplifier,receiver,or other device to discern a signal is degraded by noise.Noise mixed with the incoming signal,noise generated by the op amp,resistor noise,and power supply noise ultimately determine the size of the signal that can be recovered and measured.