Java注解与反射
1.注解 Java.Annotation
-
Annotation不是程序本身,可以对程序作出解释
-
可以被其他程序读取
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可以通过反射机制编程实现对这些元数据的访问
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格式是"@注解名"
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public class test { @Override public String toString() { return super.toString(); } }
2.内置注解
- @Override:表示一个方法声明打算重写超类中的另一个声明
- @Deprecated:表示已经废弃,通常是因为它很危险或存在更好的选择
- @SuppressWarnings:用来抑制编译时的警告信息,需要参数
3.元注解
负责注解其他注解的注解
-
@Target:用于描述注解的使用范围,即注解可以用在什么地方
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@Retention:表示需要在什么级别保存该注释信息,用于描述注解的生命周期
- SOURCE<CLASS<RUNTIME
-
@Documented:说明该注解将被包含在javadoc中
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@Inherited:说明子类可以继承父类中的该注解
-
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Target; @MyAnnotation public class test { @MyAnnotation public void Test(){ } } //定义一个注解 @Target(value = {ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})//Target 表示注解可以用在哪些地方 @interface MyAnnotation{ }
4.自定义注解
使用@interface自定义注解时,自动继承了java.lang.annotation.Annotation接口
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
public class test {
//注解可以显示赋值,如果没有默认值,就必须要给注解赋值
@MyAnnotation(age=18,id=1,name="luffy")
public void Test(){
}
@MyAnnotation1("")
public void Test1(){
}
}
//定义一个注解
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(value = {ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})//Target 表示注解可以用在哪些地方
@interface MyAnnotation{
//注解的参数:参数类型 参数名();
String name() default "";
int age() default 0;
int id() default -1;
String[] hobbies() default {"a","b"};
}
@interface MyAnnotation1{
String value();//如果只有一个参数成员,一般参数名为value
}
5.反射Reflection
Class c= Class.forName(“java.lang.String”);
public class test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//通过反射获取类的Class对象
//一个类在内存中只能有一个class对象
Class c1=Class.forName("test");
System.out.println(c1);
}
}
//实体类:pojo/entity
class User{
private String name;
private int id;
public User() {
}
public User(String name, int id) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
'}';
}
}
得到class类的几种方法
public class test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Person p1=new Student();
//得到class类的几种方法
//方法一:通过对象获取
Class c1=p1.getClass();
System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
//方法二:forname方式获取
Class c2=Class.forName("Student");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
//方法三:通过类.class方式获取
Class c3=Student.class;
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
//以上三种方式得到的c1,c2,c3皆为同一个对象
//获取父类类型
Class c4=c1.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(c4);
}
}
//实体类:pojo/entity
class Person{
}
class Student extends Person{
}
class Teacher extends Person{
}
哪些类型可以有Class对象
class:外部类,成员(成员内部类,静态内部类),局部内部类,匿名内部类
interface:接口
[]:数组
enum:枚举
annotation:注解@interface
primitive type:基本数据类型
void
获取运行时类的完整结构
Field,Method,Constructor,Superclass,Interface,Annotation
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.logging.FileHandler;
public class test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class c1=Class.forName("User");
//获得类的名字
System.out.println(c1.getName());
System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());
//获得类的属性
Field[] fields =c1.getFields();//只能找到public属性
for (Field field : fields) {
System.out.println(field);
}
Field[] declaredFields=c1.getDeclaredFields();//可以找到全部的属性
for (Field field : declaredFields) {
System.out.println(field);
}
//获取指定属性
Field name=c1.getDeclaredField("name");
System.out.println(name);
//获取类的方法
Method[] methods=c1.getMethods();//获取本类及父类的public方法
for (Method method : methods) {
System.out.println(method);
}
Method[] declaredMethods=c1.getDeclaredMethods();//获取本类的所有方法
for (Method method : declaredMethods) {
System.out.println(method);
}
}
}
//实体类:pojo/entity
class User{
private String name;
private int id;
public User() {
}
public User(String name, int id) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
'}';
}
}
反射机制示例及性能分析
public class test {
//普通方法调用
public static void test1(){
User user=new User();
long startTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
user.getName();
}
long endTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("普通方法执行时间:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//反射方法调用
public static void test2() throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user=new User();
Class c1=user.getClass();
Method getName=c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);
long startTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("反射方法执行时间:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//反射方法关闭检测
public static void test3() throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user=new User();
Class c1=user.getClass();
Method getName=c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);
getName.setAccessible(true);
long startTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime=System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("反射方法关闭检测执行时间:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
test1();
test2();
test3();
}
}
练习反射操作注解:ORM
import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
//练习反射操作注解
public class test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("Student");
//通过反射获取注解
Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
System.out.println(annotation);
}
//获取注解的值
DbTable dbTable = (DbTable) c1.getAnnotation(DbTable.class);
String value = dbTable.value();
System.out.println(value);
//获取类指定的注解
Field field = c1.getDeclaredField("id");
DbField dbField = field.getAnnotation(DbField.class);
System.out.println(dbField.columnName());
System.out.println(dbField.type());
System.out.println(dbField.length());
}
}
//实体类表pojo
@DbTable("db_student")
class Student {
@DbField(columnName = "db_id", type = "int", length = 10)
private int id;
@DbField(columnName = "db_name", type = "varchar", length = 10)
private String name;
@DbField(columnName = "db_age", type = "int", length = 10)
private int age;
public Student() {
}
public Student(int id, String name, int age) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"id=" + id +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
//表注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface DbTable {
String value();
}
//属性注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface DbField {
String columnName();
String type();
int length();
}