一、基本概念
1.静态多态和动态多态
静态多态:函数重载 和 运算符重载,复用函数名
动态多态:派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态
【区别】
静态多态的函数地址早绑定——编译阶段确定
动态多态的函数地址晚绑定——运行阶段确定
class Animal
{
public:
//虚函数
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
}
};
class Cat : public Animal
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "喵呜呜" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "狗汪汪" << endl;
}
};
如果想执行让猫说话,那么这个函数地址就不能提前绑定(编译阶段),需要在运行阶段进行绑定(晚绑定)
//执行说话的函数
void doSpeak(Animal& animal)
{
animal.speak();
}
void test01()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);
Dog dog;
doSpeak(dog);
}
根据编译结果可以看出
动态多态的满足条件:
- 有继承关系
- 子类重写父类的虚函数。重写是指函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表完全相同
动态多态使用:
- 父类的指针或者引用 执行子类对象
二、纯虚函数和抽象类
在多态中,通常父类中虚函数的实现是毫无意义的,主要都是调用子类重写的内容。
因此可以改为纯虚函数。语法:virtual 返回值类型 函数名 (参数列表) = 0;
当类中有了纯虚函数,这个类也称为抽象类。抽象类特点:
- 无法实例化对象
- 子类必须重写抽象类中的纯虚函数,否则也属于抽象类。
class Base
{
public:
virtual void func() = 0;
};
class Son : public Base
{
public:
void func()
{
cout << "Son func()的调用" << endl;
}
};
void test01()
{
//Base b; //抽象类无法实例化对象
//new Base; //抽象类无法实例化对象
Son s1; //子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数,否则无法实例化对象。
Base* base = new Son;
base->func();
}
三、虚析构和纯虚析构
多态使用时,如果子类中有属性开辟到堆区,那么父类指针在释放时无法调用到子类的析构代码
【解决办法】将父类中的析构函数改为虚析构或者纯虚析构
共性:
• 可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
• 都需要具体的函数实现
区别:
• 如果是纯虚析构,该类属于抽象类
虚析构语法:virtual ~类名(){}
纯虚析构语法:(类内声明)virtual ~类名() = 0; (类外定义)类名::~类名(){}
在例子中,如果基类的析构函数不是虚析构,
~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的析构函数调用" << endl;
}
则结果会出现下面的情况,这就意味着由子类Cat
开辟的由指针m_name
指向的堆区数据没有被释放。
因此为了使父类指针释放子类对象,下面有两种方式,分别是虚析构和纯虚析构
- 虚析构(类内声明和定义)
class Animal
{
public:
virtual void speak() = 0;
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的构造函数调用" << endl;
}
virtual ~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的析构函数调用" << endl;
}
};
- 纯虚析构(类内声明,类外定义)
class Animal
{
public:
virtual void speak() = 0;
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal的构造函数调用" << endl;
}
virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};
Animal::~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal纯虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}
通过这种方式,编译后的结果就变成了
总结:
1. 虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
2. 如果子类中没有堆区数据,析构函数可以不写成虚析构或纯虚析构
3. 拥有纯虚析构函数的类也属于抽象类
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
string* m_Name;
public:
Cat(string name)
{
cout << "Cat的构造函数调用" << endl;
m_Name = new string(name);
}
void speak()
{
cout << *m_Name << "喵喵" << endl;
}
~Cat()
{
cout << "Cat的析构函数调用" << endl;
if (m_Name != NULL)
{
delete m_Name;
m_Name = NULL;
}
}
};
void test()
{
Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
animal->speak();
//父类指针在析构时候,不会调用子类中的析构函数,导致子类如果有堆区属性,出现内存泄漏
delete animal;
}
四、案例
1.计算器
先写一个普通的计算器
class Calculator
{
public:
int m_num1;
int m_num2;
public:
int getResult(string oper)
{
if (oper == "+")
{
return m_num1 + m_num2;
}
else if (oper == "-")
{
return m_num1 - m_num2;
}
else if (oper == "*")
{
return m_num1 * m_num2;
}
}
};
void test01()
{
//创建计算器对象
Calculator c;
c.m_num1 = 10;
c.m_num2 = 10;
cout << c.m_num1 << " + " << c.m_num2 << " = " << c.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << c.m_num1 << " - " << c.m_num2 << " = " << c.getResult("-") << endl;
cout << c.m_num1 << " * " << c.m_num2 << " = " << c.getResult("*") << endl;
}
下面利用多态实现计算器
//利用多态实现计算器
//实现计算器抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int m_num1;
int m_num2;
public:
virtual int getResult()
{
return 0;
}
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator : public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 + m_num2;
}
};
//减法计算器类
class SubtractCalculator : public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 - m_num2;
}
};
//乘法计算器类
class MultiplyCalculator : public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 * m_num2;
}
};
void test02()
{
//多态使用条件
//父类指针或者引用指向子类对象
//加法运算
AbstractCalculator* abc = new AddCalculator;
abc->m_num1 = 10;
abc->m_num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " + " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;//用完后销毁
abc = new SubtractCalculator;
abc->m_num1 = 10;
abc->m_num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " - " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;//用完后销毁
abc = new MultiplyCalculator;
abc->m_num1 = 10;
abc->m_num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " * " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;//用完后销毁
}
在真实开发中提倡开闭原则,对扩展进行开放,对修改进行关闭。
2.制作饮品
#include <iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class AbstractDrinking
{
public:
//煮水
virtual void boil() = 0;
//冲泡
virtual void brew() = 0;
//倒入杯中
virtual void pourincup() = 0;
//加入辅料
virtual void putsomething() = 0;
//制作饮品
void MakeDrink()
{
boil();
brew();
pourincup();
putsomething();
}
};
//制作咖啡
class coffee :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
virtual void boil()
{
cout << "煮水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void brew()
{
cout << "冲泡咖啡" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void pourincup()
{
cout << "倒入杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void putsomething()
{
cout << "加入糖和牛奶" << endl;
}
};
//煮茶
class tea :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
virtual void boil()
{
cout << "煮矿泉水" << endl;
}
//冲泡
virtual void brew()
{
cout << "冲泡茶叶" << endl;
}
//倒入杯中
virtual void pourincup()
{
cout << "倒入茶杯中" << endl;
}
//加入辅料
virtual void putsomething()
{
cout << "加入枸杞" << endl;
}
};
//
void dowork(AbstractDrinking* abc)
{
abc->MakeDrink();
delete abc;//释放
}
void test01()
{
//制作咖啡
dowork(new coffee); //AbstractDrinking* abc = new coffee
//制作茶
dowork(new tea); //AbstractDrinking* abc = new tea
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
3.电脑组装
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class CPU {
public:
virtual void calculate() = 0;
};
class VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() = 0;
};
class Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() = 0;
};
class Computer {
private:
CPU* m_cpu;
VideoCard* m_vc;
Memory* m_mem;
public:
Computer(CPU* cpu, VideoCard* vc, Memory* mem) {
m_cpu = cpu;
m_vc = vc;
m_mem = mem;
}
void work() {
m_cpu->calculate();
m_vc->display();
m_mem->storage();
}
~Computer() {
if (m_cpu != NULL) {
delete m_cpu;
m_cpu = NULL;
}
if (m_vc != NULL) {
delete m_vc;
m_vc = NULL;
}
if (m_mem != NULL) {
delete m_mem;
m_mem = NULL;
}
}
};
class IntelCPU :public CPU {
public:
virtual void calculate() {
cout << "Intel CPU开始计算!" << endl;
}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "Intel 显卡开始显示!" << endl;
}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() {
cout << "Intel 内存条开始存储!" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoCPU :public CPU {
public:
virtual void calculate() {
cout << "Lenovo CPU开始计算!" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "Lenovo 显卡开始显示!" << endl;
}
};
class LenovoMemory :public Memory {
public:
virtual void storage() {
cout << "Lenovo 内存条开始存储!" << endl;
}
};
void test01() {
CPU* intelCpu = new IntelCPU;
VideoCard* intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
Memory* intelMem = new IntelMemory;
cout << "第一台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
Computer* computer1 = new Computer(intelCpu, intelCard, intelMem);
computer1->work();
delete computer1;
cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
cout << "第二台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
Computer* computer2 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new LenovoVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
computer2->work();
delete computer2;
cout << "-----------------------" << endl;
cout << "第三台电脑开始工作:" << endl;
Computer* computer3 = new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new IntelVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);;
computer3->work();
delete computer3;
}
int main(){
test01();
//system("cls"); //清屏
return 0;
}