图像分类：AlexNet

# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""Timing benchmark for AlexNet inference.

To run, use:
  bazel run -c opt --config=cuda \
      models/tutorials/image/alexnet:alexnet_benchmark

Across 100 steps on batch size = 128.

Forward pass:
Run on Tesla K40c: 145 +/- 1.5 ms / batch
Run on Titan X:     70 +/- 0.1 ms / batch

Forward-backward pass:
Run on Tesla K40c: 480 +/- 48 ms / batch
Run on Titan X:    244 +/- 30 ms / batch
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
from datetime import datetime
import math
import sys
import time

from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

FLAGS = None

#显示网络每层结构
def print_activations(t):
  print(t.op.name, ' ', t.get_shape().as_list())

#构建卷积神经网络结构
#定义inference函数，输入参数为image,返回值为最后一层pool（也就是pool5）以及其他参数
def inference(images):
  """Build the AlexNet model.

  Args:
    images: Images Tensor

  Returns:
    pool5: the last Tensor in the convolutional component of AlexNet.
    parameters: a list of Tensors corresponding to the weights and biases of the
        AlexNet model.
  """
  parameters = []
  #第1个卷积层 conv1
  with tf.name_scope('conv1') as scope:
    kernel = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([11, 11, 3, 64], dtype=tf.float32,
                                             stddev=1e-1), name='weights')
    conv = tf.nn.conv2d(images, kernel, [1, 4, 4, 1], padding='SAME')
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[64], dtype=tf.float32),
                         trainable=True, name='biases')
    bias = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
    conv1 = tf.nn.relu(bias, name=scope)
    print_activations(conv1)
    parameters += [kernel, biases]

  # 添加LRN层 lrn1
  with tf.name_scope('lrn1') as scope:
    lrn1 = tf.nn.local_response_normalization(conv1,
                                              alpha=1e-4,
                                              beta=0.75,
                                              depth_radius=2,
                                              bias=2.0)

  #第1个最大池化层 pool1
  pool1 = tf.nn.max_pool(lrn1,
                         ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1],
                         strides=[1, 2, 2, 1],
                         padding='VALID',
                         name='pool1')
  print_activations(pool1)

  #第2个卷积 conv2
  with tf.name_scope('conv2') as scope:
    kernel = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([5, 5, 64, 192], dtype=tf.float32,
                                             stddev=1e-1), name='weights')
    conv = tf.nn.conv2d(pool1, kernel, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[192], dtype=tf.float32),
                         trainable=True, name='biases')
    bias = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
    conv2 = tf.nn.relu(bias, name=scope)
    parameters += [kernel, biases]
  print_activations(conv2)

  # 添加第2个LRN层 lrn2
  with tf.name_scope('lrn2') as scope:
    lrn2 = tf.nn.local_response_normalization(conv2,
                                              alpha=1e-4,
                                              beta=0.75,
                                              depth_radius=2,
                                              bias=2.0)

  #第2个最大池化层 pool2
  pool2 = tf.nn.max_pool(lrn2,
                         ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1],
                         strides=[1, 2, 2, 1],
                         padding='VALID',
                         name='pool2')
  print_activations(pool2)

  #第3个卷积层 conv3
  with tf.name_scope('conv3') as scope:
    kernel = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([3, 3, 192, 384],
                                             dtype=tf.float32,
                                             stddev=1e-1), name='weights')
    conv = tf.nn.conv2d(pool2, kernel, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[384], dtype=tf.float32),
                         trainable=True, name='biases')
    bias = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
    conv3 = tf.nn.relu(bias, name=scope)
    parameters += [kernel, biases]
    print_activations(conv3)

  #第4个卷积层 conv4
  with tf.name_scope('conv4') as scope:
    kernel = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([3, 3, 384, 256],
                                             dtype=tf.float32,
                                             stddev=1e-1), name='weights')
    conv = tf.nn.conv2d(conv3, kernel, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[256], dtype=tf.float32),
                         trainable=True, name='biases')
    bias = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
    conv4 = tf.nn.relu(bias, name=scope)
    parameters += [kernel, biases]
    print_activations(conv4)

  #第5个卷积层 conv5
  with tf.name_scope('conv5') as scope:
    kernel = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([3, 3, 256, 256],
                                             dtype=tf.float32,
                                             stddev=1e-1), name='weights')
    conv = tf.nn.conv2d(conv4, kernel, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[256], dtype=tf.float32),
                         trainable=True, name='biases')
    bias = tf.nn.bias_add(conv, biases)
    conv5 = tf.nn.relu(bias, name=scope)
    parameters += [kernel, biases]
    print_activations(conv5)

  #第5个最大池化层 pool5
  pool5 = tf.nn.max_pool(conv5,
                         ksize=[1, 3, 3, 1],
                         strides=[1, 2, 2, 1],
                         padding='VALID',
                         name='pool5')
  print_activations(pool5)

  return pool5, parameters

#评估AlexNet每轮计算时间函数
def time_tensorflow_run(session, target, info_string):
  """Run the computation to obtain the target tensor and print timing stats.

  Args:
    session: the TensorFlow session to run the computation under.
    target: the target Tensor that is passed to the session's run() function.
    info_string: a string summarizing this run, to be printed with the stats.

  Returns:
    None
  """
  num_steps_burn_in = 10  #定义预热轮数
  total_duration = 0.0 #总时间
  total_duration_squared = 0.0 #平方和
  for i in xrange(FLAGS.num_batches + num_steps_burn_in): #迭代num_batches + num_steps_burn_in次
    start_time = time.time() #开始时间
    _ = session.run(target) 
    duration = time.time() - start_time
    #每10轮迭代显示当前迭代时间。每轮total_duration、total_duration_squared累加。
    if i >= num_steps_burn_in:
      if not i % 10:
        print ('%s: step %d, duration = %.3f' %
               (datetime.now(), i - num_steps_burn_in, duration))
      total_duration += duration
      total_duration_squared += duration * duration
  mn = total_duration / FLAGS.num_batches  #每轮平均耗时
  vr = total_duration_squared / FLAGS.num_batches - mn * mn #
  sd = math.sqrt(vr)
  print ('%s: %s across %d steps, %.3f +/- %.3f sec / batch' %
         (datetime.now(), info_string, FLAGS.num_batches, mn, sd))



def run_benchmark():
  """Run the benchmark on AlexNet.”""
  #定义默认Graph
  with tf.Graph().as_default():
    # Generate some dummy images.
    image_size = 224
    # Note that our padding definition is slightly different the cuda-convnet.
    # In order to force the model to start with the same activations sizes,
    # we add 3 to the image_size and employ VALID padding above.
    #tf.random_nomal函数构造正态分步(标准差 0.1)随机tensor，第一维度batch_size，每轮迭代样本数，第二、三维度图片尺寸image_size 224，第四维度图片颜色通道数    
    images = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([FLAGS.batch_size,
                                           image_size,
                                           image_size, 3],
                                          dtype=tf.float32,
                                          stddev=1e-1))

    # Build a Graph that computes the logits predictions from the
    # inference model.
    # inference函数构建整个AlexNet网络，最后池化层输出pool5，训练参数集合parameters
    pool5, parameters = inference(images)

    # Build an initialization operation.
    #tf.global_variables_initializer()初始化所有参数。
    init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

    # Start running operations on the Graph.
    config = tf.ConfigProto()
    config.gpu_options.allocator_type = ‘BFC'
    #tf.Session()创建新Session
    sess = tf.Session(config=config)
    sess.run(init)

    # Run the forward benchmark.
    time_tensorflow_run(sess, pool5, "Forward")

    # Add a simple objective so we can calculate the backward pass.
    #最后输出pool5设置优化目标损失函数
    objective = tf.nn.l2_loss(pool5)
    # Compute the gradient with respect to all the parameters.
    #计算所有模型参数梯度
    grad = tf.gradients(objective, parameters)
    # Run the backward benchmark.
    time_tensorflow_run(sess, grad, "Forward-backward")


def main(_):
  run_benchmark()


if __name__ == '__main__':
  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  #每个batch_size大小为128
  parser.add_argument(
      '--batch_size',
      type=int,
      default=128,
      help='Batch size.'
  )
  #batch测试数目为100个
  parser.add_argument(
      '--num_batches',
      type=int,
      default=100,
      help='Number of batches to run.'
  )
  FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
  tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)