Python 之 functools 模块（reduce/partial/lru_cache/_make_key)

1、reduce 方法

1.1 语法

Docstring:
reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value

Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence,
from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value.
For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates
((((1+2)+3)+4)+5).  If initial is present, it is placed before the items
of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the
sequence is empty.
Type:      builtin_function_or_method

• 可迭代对象sequence不能为空
• 初始值initial没提供就在可迭代对象中取一个元素

1.2 示例

from functools import reduce
print(reduce(lambda x,y: x + y, range(1, 5), 10))  # 20
# 10 + 1
# 11 + 2
# 13 + 3
# 16 + 4
# 20
print(reduce(lambda x,y: x * y, range(1, 5), 10))  # 240

from functools import reduce
nums = [6, 9, 1, 2, 10, 5]
print(nums)
print(sum(nums))
print(reduce(lambda val, x: val + x, nums))
print(reduce(lambda val, x: val + x, nums, 10))

[6, 9, 1, 2, 10, 5]
33
33
43

2、partial方法（偏函数）

2.1 概念

• partial 偏函数，把函数部分的参数固定下来，相当于为部分的参数添加了一个固定的默认值，形成一个新的函数并返回
• 从partial生成的新函数，是对原函数的封装

2.2 语法

Init signature: partial(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
Docstring:     
partial(func, *args, **keywords) - new function with partial application
of the given arguments and keywords.

2.3 本质

# partial 函数本质
# 无法验证参数类型
# 函数挺简单的，大家可以解读一下，了解偏函数的本质
def partial(func, *args, **keywords):
    def newfunc(*fargs, **fkeywords):  # 包装函数
        newkeywords = keywords.copy()
        newkeywords.update(fkeywords)
        print(newkeywords, keywords, fkeywords, fargs)
        return func(*(args + fargs), **newkeywords)
    print(args, keywords)
    newfunc.func = func  # 保留原函数
    newfunc.args = args  # 保留原函数的位置参数
    newfunc.keywords = keywords  # 保留原函数的关键字参数