（CCPC 2020 网络选拔赛）HDU 6900 Residual Polynomial（分治 + NTT）

Residual Polynomial

写出所有的$f_i(x)$出来，$f_{i,j}$表示$f_i(x)$的第$j$项系数

$$\left\{\begin{array}{cccccc}{f}_{1,0}& f_{1,1}& f_{1,2}& \dots & f_{1,n-1}& f_{1,n}\\ f_{2,0}& f_{2,1}& f_{2,2}& \dots & f_{2,n-1}& f_{2,n}\\ f_{3,0}& f_{3,1}& f_{3,2}& \dots & f_{3,n-1}& f_{3,n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮& ⋮\\ f_{n-1,0}& f_{n-1,1}& f_{n-1,2}& \dots & f_{n-1,n-1}& f_{n-1,n}\\ f_{n,0}& f_{n,1}& f_{n,2}& \dots & f_{n,n-1}& f_{n,n}\end{array}\right\}$$
第一行是$a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots ,a_{n-1},a_n$。

考虑下一行如何从上一行转移，分两种：

一、$f_{i,j}\times c_{i+1}=f_{i+1,j}$

二、$f_{i,j}\times j\times b_{i+1}=f_{i+1,j-1}$

可以想想成每个点有一条向下的连边$value=c$，同时有一条向左下的连边$value=b\times j$。

我们从$f_{1,i}$出发，走向$f_{n,j}$，显然选择了$i-j$个$b\times j$，所以还有$n-1-(i-j)$个$c$。

先不考虑$j$，只算$b,c$的贡献，设选$b$的生成函数为$F(x)$，对于某个点有$F(x)=c+bx$，因为上面的转移是具有区间性的。

所以$F(l,r,x)=F(l,mid,x)\ast F(mid,r,x)$，也就是在左区间选几个，右区间选几个，然后组合一下，这个组合刚好满足卷积的形式。

这一步就可以递归$O(n\log n\log n)$求解了。

接下来考虑$j$的影响：

$f_{n,k}=\sum _{i-k=j}F(j)f_{1,i}\frac{i!}{k!}$

这里可以简单理解一下，每次只能向左向下移动，k是我们最后在的列，只能从初始列$i\ge k$的列转移过来。

$\left(k!\times f_{n,k}\right)=\sum _{i-k=j}F(j)\left(f_{1,i}\times i!\right)$

$设H(k)=k!\times f_{n,k},G(i)=f_{1,i}\times i!$，$考虑把G翻转，G(n-i)=G(i)$，

$H(k)={\sum }_{i+j=n-k}F(j)G(i)$，于是再做一次卷积即可求得答案。

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

const int mod = 998244353, inv2 = mod + 1 >> 1;

namespace Quadratic_residue {
  struct Complex {
    int r, i;

    Complex(int _r = 0, int _i = 0) : r(_r), i(_i) {}
  };

  int I2;

  Complex operator * (const Complex &a, Complex &b) {
    return Complex((1ll * a.r * b.r % mod  + 1ll * a.i * b.i % mod * I2 % mod) % mod, (1ll * a.r * b.i % mod + 1ll * a.i * b.r % mod) % mod);
  }

  Complex quick_pow(Complex a, int n) {
    Complex ans = Complex(1, 0);
    while (n) {
      if (n & 1) {
        ans = ans * a;
      }
      a = a * a;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ans;
  }

  int get_residue(int n) {
    mt19937 e(233);
    if (n == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    if(quick_pow(n, (mod - 1) >> 1).r == mod - 1) {
      return -1;
    }
    uniform_int_distribution<int> r(0, mod - 1);
    int a = r(e);
    while(quick_pow((1ll * a * a % mod - n + mod) % mod, (mod - 1) >> 1).r == 1) {
      a = r(e);
    }
    I2 = (1ll * a * a % mod - n + mod) % mod;
    int x = quick_pow(Complex(a, 1), (mod + 1) >> 1).r, y = mod - x;
    if(x > y) swap(x, y);
    return x;
  }
}

const int N = 1e6 + 10;

int r[N], inv[N], b[N], c[N], d[N], e[N], t[N];

int quick_pow(int a, int n) {
  int ans = 1;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) {
      ans = 1ll * a * ans % mod;
    }
    a = 1ll * a * a % mod;
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return ans;
}

void get_r(int lim) {
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    r[i] = (i & 1) * (lim >> 1) + (r[i >> 1] >> 1);
  }
}

void get_inv(int n) {
  inv[1] = 1;
  for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
    inv[i] = 1ll * (mod - mod / i) * inv[mod % i] % mod;
  }
}

void NTT(int *f, int lim, int rev) {
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    if (i < r[i]) {
      swap(f[i], f[r[i]]);
    }
  }
  for (int mid = 1; mid < lim; mid <<= 1) {
    int wn = quick_pow(3, (mod - 1) / (mid << 1));
    for (int len = mid << 1, cur = 0; cur < lim; cur += len) {
      int w = 1;
      for (int k = 0; k < mid; k++, w = 1ll * w * wn % mod) {
        int x = f[cur + k], y = 1ll * w * f[cur + mid + k] % mod;
        f[cur + k] = (x + y) % mod, f[cur + mid + k] = (x - y + mod) % mod;
      }
    }
  }
  if (rev == -1) {
    int inv = quick_pow(lim, mod - 2);
    reverse(f + 1, f + lim);
    for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
      f[i] = 1ll * f[i] * inv % mod;
    }
  }
}

void polyinv(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = quick_pow(f[0], mod - 2);
    return ;
  }
  polyinv(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = f[i];
  }
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    int cur = (2 - 1ll * g[i] * t[i] % mod + mod) % mod;
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * cur % mod;
    t[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

void polysqrt(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = Quadratic_residue::get_residue(f[0]);
    return ;
  }
  polysqrt(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  polyinv(g, b, n);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = f[i];
  }
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(b, lim, 1);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = (1ll * inv2 * g[i] % mod + 1ll * inv2 * b[i] % mod * t[i] % mod) % mod;
    b[i] = t[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

void derivative(int *a, int *b, int n) {
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    b[i] = 1ll * a[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod;
  }
}

void integrate(int *a, int n) {
  for (int i = n - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
    a[i] = 1ll * a[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod;
  }
  a[0] = 0;
}

void polyln(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  polyinv(f, b, n);
  derivative(f, g, n);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(b, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * b[i] % mod;
    b[i] = 0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
  integrate(g, n);
}

void polyexp(int *f, int *g, int n) {
  if (n == 1) {
    g[0] = 1;
    return ;
  }
  polyexp(f, g, n + 1 >> 1);
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < 2 * n) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  polyln(g, d, n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    t[i] = (f[i] - d[i] + mod) % mod;
  }
  t[0] = (t[0] + 1) % mod;
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(g, lim, 1);
  NTT(t, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 1ll * g[i] * t[i] % mod;
    t[i] = d[i] =  0;
  }
  NTT(g, lim, -1);
  for (int i = n; i < lim; i++) {
    g[i] = 0;
  }
}

/*
  b存放多项式逆，
  c存放多项式开根，
  d存放多项式对数ln，
  e存放多项式指数exp，
  t作为中间转移数组,
  如果要用到polyln，得提前调用get_inv(n)先预先得到我们想要得到的逆元范围。
*/

int B[N], C[N], f[N], fac[N], inv1[N], n;

vector<int> F[N];

int A1[N], B1[N];

void init() {
  fac[0] = 1;
  for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
    fac[i] = 1ll * fac[i - 1] * i % mod;
  }
  inv1[N - 1] = quick_pow(fac[N - 1], mod - 2);
  for (int i = N - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    inv1[i] = 1ll * inv1[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod;
  }
}

void merge(int rt) {
  int ls = rt << 1, rs = rt << 1 | 1;
  int n = F[ls].size(), m = F[rs].size();
  F[rt].resize(n + m);
  for (int i = 0; i < n + m; i++) {
    F[rt][i] = 0;
  }
  if (n <= 50 && m <= 50) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
        F[rt][i + j] = (F[rt][i + j] + 1ll * F[ls][i] * F[rs][j] % mod) % mod;
      }
    }
    return ;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    A1[i] = F[ls][i];
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    B1[i] = F[rs][i];
  }
  int lim = 1;
  while (lim < n + m) {
    lim <<= 1;
  }
  get_r(lim);
  NTT(A1, lim, 1);
  NTT(B1, lim, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    A1[i] = 1ll * A1[i] * B1[i] % mod;
  }
  NTT(A1, lim, -1);
  for (int i = 0; i < n + m; i++) {
    F[rt][i] = A1[i];
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
    A1[i] = B1[i] = 0;
  }
}

void divide(int rt, int l, int r) {
  if (l == r) {
    F[rt].push_back(C[l]);
    F[rt].push_back(B[l]);
    return ;
  }
  int mid = l + r >> 1;
  divide(rt << 1, l, mid), divide(rt << 1 | 1, mid + 1, r);
  merge(rt);
  F[rt << 1].clear(), F[rt << 1 | 1].clear();
}

int main() {
  // freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
  // freopen("out.txt", "w", stdout);
  // ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
  int T;
  init();
  scanf("%d", &T);
  while (T--) {
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
      scanf("%d", &f[i]);
      f[i] = 1ll * f[i] * fac[i] % mod;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i <= n - 2; i++) {
      scanf("%d", &B[i]);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i <= n - 2; i++) {
      scanf("%d", &C[i]);
    }
    divide(1, 0, n - 2);
    int lim = 1;
    while (lim <= 2 * n) {
      lim <<= 1;
    }
    get_r(lim);
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
      A1[i] = f[n - i];
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < F[1].size(); i++) {
      B1[i] = F[1][i];
    }
    F[1].clear();
    NTT(A1, lim, 1);
    NTT(B1, lim, 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
      A1[i] = 1ll * A1[i] * B1[i] % mod;
    }
    NTT(A1, lim, -1);
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
      printf("%lld%c", 1ll * inv1[i] * A1[n - i] % mod, i == n ? '\n' : ' ');
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < lim; i++) {
      A1[i] = B1[i] = 0;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}