Datawhale 零基础入门数据挖掘-Task3 特征工程

最新推荐文章于 2020-04-01 22:13:58 发布

韩绘锦

最新推荐文章于 2020-04-01 22:13:58 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45569785/article/details/105165801

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Datawhale 零基础入门数据挖掘-Task3 特征工程

三、特征工程目标

Tip:此部分为零基础入门数据挖掘的 Task3 特征工程部分，带你来了解各种特征工程以及分析方法，欢迎大家后续多多交流。

赛题：零基础入门数据挖掘 - 二手车交易价格预测

地址：https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/231784/introduction?spm=5176.12281957.1004.1.38b02448ausjSX

3.1 特征工程目标

对于特征进行进一步分析，并对于数据进行处理
完成对于特征工程的分析，并对于数据进行一些图表或者文字总结并打卡。

3.2 内容介绍

常见的特征工程包括：

异常处理：
- 通过箱线图（或 3-Sigma）分析删除异常值；
- BOX-COX 转换（处理有偏分布）；
- 长尾截断；
特征归一化/标准化：
- 标准化（转换为标准正态分布）；
- 归一化（抓换到 [0,1] 区间）；
- 针对幂律分布，可以采用公式： $log(\frac{1+x}{1+median})$
数据分桶：
- 等频分桶；
- 等距分桶；
- Best-KS 分桶（类似利用基尼指数进行二分类）；
- 卡方分桶；
缺失值处理：
- 不处理（针对类似 XGBoost 等树模型）；
- 删除（缺失数据太多）；
- 插值补全，包括均值/中位数/众数/建模预测/多重插补/压缩感知补全/矩阵补全等；
- 分箱，缺失值一个箱；
特征构造：
- 构造统计量特征，报告计数、求和、比例、标准差等；
- 时间特征，包括相对时间和绝对时间，节假日，双休日等；
- 地理信息，包括分箱，分布编码等方法；
- 非线性变换，包括 log/ 平方/ 根号等；
- 特征组合，特征交叉；
- 仁者见仁，智者见智。
特征筛选
- 过滤式（filter）：先对数据进行特征选择，然后在训练学习器，常见的方法有 Relief/方差选择发/相关系数法/卡方检验法/互信息法；
- 包裹式（wrapper）：直接把最终将要使用的学习器的性能作为特征子集的评价准则，常见方法有 LVM（Las Vegas Wrapper）；
- 嵌入式（embedding）：结合过滤式和包裹式，学习器训练过程中自动进行了特征选择，常见的有 lasso 回归；
降维
- PCA/ LDA/ ICA；
- 特征选择也是一种降维。

3.3 代码示例

3.3.0 导入数据

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from operator import itemgetter

%matplotlib inline

path = './data/'
train = pd.read_csv(path+'train.csv', sep=' ')
test = pd.read_csv(path+'testA.csv', sep=' ')
print(train.shape)
print(test.shape)

(150000, 31)
(50000, 30)

train.head()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482

train.columns

Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
       'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',
       'seller', 'offerType', 'creatDate', 'price', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3',
       'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12',
       'v_13', 'v_14'],
      dtype='object')

test.columns

Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
       'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',
       'seller', 'offerType', 'creatDate', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4',
       'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13',
       'v_14'],
      dtype='object')

3.3.1 删除异常值

# 这里我包装了一个异常值处理的代码，可以随便调用。
def outliers_proc(data, col_name, scale=3):
    """
    用于清洗异常值，默认用 box_plot（scale=3）进行清洗
    :param data: 接收 pandas 数据格式
    :param col_name: pandas 列名
    :param scale: 尺度
    :return:
    """

    def box_plot_outliers(data_ser, box_scale):
        """
        利用箱线图去除异常值
        :param data_ser: 接收 pandas.Series 数据格式
        :param box_scale: 箱线图尺度，
        :return:
        """
        iqr = box_scale * (data_ser.quantile(0.75) - data_ser.quantile(0.25))#表示box_scale倍的箱的高度
        val_low = data_ser.quantile(0.25) - iqr
        val_up = data_ser.quantile(0.75) + iqr
        rule_low = (data_ser < val_low)#是一个bool值可以用来刷特征
        rule_up = (data_ser > val_up)
        return (rule_low, rule_up), (val_low, val_up)

    data_n = data.copy()#先将数据拷贝一份
    data_series = data_n[col_name]#选出指定的列
    rule, value = box_plot_outliers(data_series, box_scale=scale)#获取异常值的范围
    index = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[0] | rule[1]]#获取异常值的索引
    print("Delete number is: {}".format(len(index)))
    data_n = data_n.drop(index)                    #根据索引删除异常值
    data_n.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)#因为中间删除了部分异常值，所以需要重置索引
    print("Now column number is: {}".format(data_n.shape[0]))
    index_low = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[0]]#选出值比较低的异常值的索引
    outliers = data_series.iloc[index_low]       #获取值比较低的异常值
    print("Description of data less than the lower bound is:")
    print(pd.Series(outliers).describe())                #获取值比较低的异常值的信息
    index_up = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[1]]#获取值比较高的异常值的索引
    outliers = data_series.iloc[index_up]             #获取值比较高的异常值
    print("Description of data larger than the upper bound is:")
    print(pd.Series(outliers).describe())       #获取值比较高的异常值的信息
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 7))
    sns.boxplot(y=data[col_name], data=data, palette="Set1", ax=ax[0])
    sns.boxplot(y=data_n[col_name], data=data_n, palette="Set1", ax=ax[1])
    return data_n

pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 100 )
train.describe()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	regionCode	seller	offerType	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
count	150000.000000	150000.000000	1.500000e+05	149999.000000	150000.000000	145494.000000	141320.000000	144019.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.0	1.500000e+05	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000	150000.000000
mean	74999.500000	68349.172873	2.003417e+07	47.129021	8.052733	1.792369	0.375842	0.224943	119.316547	12.597160	2583.077267	0.000007	0.0	2.016033e+07	5923.327333	44.406268	-0.044809	0.080765	0.078833	0.017875	0.248204	0.044923	0.124692	0.058144	0.061996	-0.001000	0.009035	0.004813	0.000313	-0.000688
std	43301.414527	61103.875095	5.364988e+04	49.536040	7.864956	1.760640	0.548677	0.417546	177.168419	3.919576	1885.363218	0.002582	0.0	1.067328e+02	7501.998477	2.457548	3.641893	2.929618	2.026514	1.193661	0.045804	0.051743	0.201410	0.029186	0.035692	3.772386	3.286071	2.517478	1.288988	1.038685
min	0.000000	0.000000	1.991000e+07	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.500000	0.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.015062e+07	11.000000	30.451976	-4.295589	-4.470671	-7.275037	-4.364565	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	-9.168192	-5.558207	-9.639552	-4.153899	-6.546556
25%	37499.750000	11156.000000	1.999091e+07	10.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	75.000000	12.500000	1018.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016031e+07	1300.000000	43.135799	-3.192349	-0.970671	-1.462580	-0.921191	0.243615	0.000038	0.062474	0.035334	0.033930	-3.722303	-1.951543	-1.871846	-1.057789	-0.437034
50%	74999.500000	51638.000000	2.003091e+07	30.000000	6.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	110.000000	15.000000	2196.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016032e+07	3250.000000	44.610266	-3.052671	-0.382947	0.099722	-0.075910	0.257798	0.000812	0.095866	0.057014	0.058484	1.624076	-0.358053	-0.130753	-0.036245	0.141246
75%	112499.250000	118841.250000	2.007111e+07	66.000000	13.000000	3.000000	1.000000	0.000000	150.000000	15.000000	3843.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016033e+07	7700.000000	46.004721	4.000670	0.241335	1.565838	0.868758	0.265297	0.102009	0.125243	0.079382	0.087491	2.844357	1.255022	1.776933	0.942813	0.680378
max	149999.000000	196812.000000	2.015121e+07	247.000000	39.000000	7.000000	6.000000	1.000000	19312.000000	15.000000	8120.000000	1.000000	0.0	2.016041e+07	99999.000000	52.304178	7.320308	19.035496	9.854702	6.829352	0.291838	0.151420	1.404936	0.160791	0.222787	12.357011	18.819042	13.847792	11.147669	8.658418

# 我们可以删掉一些异常数据，以 power 为例。  
# 这里删不删同学可以自行判断
# 但是要注意 test 的数据不能删 = = 不能掩耳盗铃是不是
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(10, 7))
#train.describe()
#sns.boxplot(y=data['power'],data=train, palette="Set1", ax=ax)
train = outliers_proc(train, 'power', scale=3)


pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 100 )
train.describe()

Delete number is: 963
Now column number is: 149037
Description of data less than the lower bound is:
count    0.0
mean     NaN
std      NaN
min      NaN
25%      NaN
50%      NaN
75%      NaN
max      NaN
Name: power, dtype: float64
Description of data larger than the upper bound is:
count      963.000000
mean       846.836968
std       1929.418081
min        376.000000
25%        400.000000
50%        436.000000
75%        514.000000
max      19312.000000
Name: power, dtype: float64

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	regionCode	seller	offerType	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
count	149037.000000	149037.000000	1.490370e+05	149036.000000	149037.000000	144543.000000	140405.000000	143083.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.0	1.490370e+05	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000	149037.000000
mean	75000.810040	68266.301730	2.003396e+07	46.969712	8.028973	1.785503	0.377380	0.221564	114.615686	12.611959	2583.189544	0.000007	0.0	2.016033e+07	5759.707328	44.386358	-0.040915	0.077332	0.095597	0.024832	0.248081	0.044970	0.124692	0.057905	0.062213	0.004712	0.022959	-0.017478	0.006048	-0.000010
std	43312.158963	61114.029665	5.361493e+04	49.347667	7.845709	1.754134	0.548392	0.415300	64.189762	3.909222	1885.675848	0.002590	0.0	1.070463e+02	6998.871286	2.445414	3.639592	2.934615	2.016049	1.191609	0.045855	0.051710	0.201773	0.029033	0.035631	3.771117	3.284766	2.502568	1.288631	1.034682
min	0.000000	0.000000	1.991000e+07	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.500000	0.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.015062e+07	11.000000	30.451976	-4.295589	-4.470671	-7.275037	-4.364565	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	-8.798810	-5.403044	-9.639552	-4.153899	-6.546556
25%	37485.000000	11093.000000	1.999091e+07	10.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	75.000000	12.500000	1018.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016031e+07	1300.000000	43.127305	-3.191726	-0.973892	-1.438553	-0.913525	0.243519	0.000035	0.062308	0.035211	0.034192	-3.720560	-1.938099	-1.880377	-1.054625	-0.435075
50%	74985.000000	51489.000000	2.003091e+07	30.000000	6.000000	1.000000	0.000000	0.000000	109.000000	15.000000	2196.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016032e+07	3200.000000	44.595651	-3.051661	-0.388056	0.114803	-0.067013	0.257691	0.000807	0.095763	0.056789	0.058789	1.637443	-0.347436	-0.148725	-0.028004	0.140485
75%	112532.000000	118779.000000	2.007110e+07	66.000000	13.000000	3.000000	1.000000	0.000000	150.000000	15.000000	3843.000000	0.000000	0.0	2.016033e+07	7500.000000	45.979786	4.000020	0.234213	1.573818	0.873620	0.265204	0.101998	0.125148	0.079051	0.087643	2.849450	1.262799	1.747968	0.947472	0.678217
max	149999.000000	196812.000000	2.015121e+07	247.000000	39.000000	7.000000	6.000000	1.000000	375.000000	15.000000	8120.000000	1.000000	0.0	2.016041e+07	99999.000000	52.304178	7.320308	19.035496	9.854702	6.829352	0.291838	0.151420	1.404936	0.160791	0.222787	12.357011	18.819042	13.847792	11.147669	8.658418

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-Tij2xkK0-1585390656196)(output_13_2.png)]

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-pmuhHTP4-1585390656197)(output_13_3.png)]

3.3.2 特征构造

# 训练集和测试集放在一起，方便构造特征
train['train']=1
test['train']=0
data = pd.concat([train, test], ignore_index=True, sort=False)
data.head().append(data.tail())

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1
199032	199995	20903	19960503	4.0	4	4.0	0.0	0.0	116	15.0	0.0	3219	20160320	NaN	45.621391	5.958453	-0.918571	0.774826	-2.021739	0.284664	0.130044	0.049833	0.028807	0.004616	-5.978511	1.303174	-1.207191	-1.981240	-0.357695	0
199033	199996	708	19991011	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	75	15.0	0.0	1857	20160329	NaN	43.935162	4.476841	-0.841710	1.328253	-1.292675	0.268101	0.108095	0.066039	0.025468	0.025971	-3.913825	1.759524	-2.075658	-1.154847	0.169073	0
199034	199997	6693	20040412	49.0	1	0.0	1.0	1.0	224	15.0	0.0	3452	20160305	NaN	46.537137	4.170806	0.388595	-0.704689	-1.480710	0.269432	0.105724	0.117652	0.057479	0.015669	-4.639065	0.654713	1.137756	-1.390531	0.254420	0
199035	199998	96900	20020008	27.0	1	0.0	0.0	1.0	334	15.0	0.0	1998	20160404	NaN	46.771359	-3.296814	0.243566	-1.277411	-0.404881	0.261152	0.000490	0.137366	0.086216	0.051383	1.833504	-2.828687	2.465630	-0.911682	-2.057353	0
199036	199999	193384	20041109	166.0	6	1.0	NaN	1.0	68	9.0	0.0	3276	20160322	NaN	43.731010	-3.121867	0.027348	-0.808914	2.116551	0.228730	0.000300	0.103534	0.080625	0.124264	2.914571	-1.135270	0.547628	2.094057	-1.552150	0

# 使用时间：data['creatDate'] - data['regDate']，反应汽车使用时间，一般来说价格与使用时间成反比
# 不过要注意，数据里有时间出错的格式，所以我们需要 errors='coerce'
data['used_time'] = (pd.to_datetime(data['creatDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce') - #
                            pd.to_datetime(data['regDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce')).dt.days#
#data['test1']=pd.to_datetime(data['creatDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce')
#data['test2']=pd.to_datetime(data['regDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce')
#data['test']=(pd.to_datetime(data['creatDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce') -pd.to_datetime(data['regDate'], format='%Y%m%d', errors='coerce'))
data.head().append(data.tail())

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0
199032	199995	20903	19960503	4.0	4	4.0	0.0	0.0	116	15.0	0.0	3219	20160320	NaN	45.621391	5.958453	-0.918571	0.774826	-2.021739	0.284664	0.130044	0.049833	0.028807	0.004616	-5.978511	1.303174	-1.207191	-1.981240	-0.357695	0	7261.0
199033	199996	708	19991011	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	75	15.0	0.0	1857	20160329	NaN	43.935162	4.476841	-0.841710	1.328253	-1.292675	0.268101	0.108095	0.066039	0.025468	0.025971	-3.913825	1.759524	-2.075658	-1.154847	0.169073	0	6014.0
199034	199997	6693	20040412	49.0	1	0.0	1.0	1.0	224	15.0	0.0	3452	20160305	NaN	46.537137	4.170806	0.388595	-0.704689	-1.480710	0.269432	0.105724	0.117652	0.057479	0.015669	-4.639065	0.654713	1.137756	-1.390531	0.254420	0	4345.0
199035	199998	96900	20020008	27.0	1	0.0	0.0	1.0	334	15.0	0.0	1998	20160404	NaN	46.771359	-3.296814	0.243566	-1.277411	-0.404881	0.261152	0.000490	0.137366	0.086216	0.051383	1.833504	-2.828687	2.465630	-0.911682	-2.057353	0	NaN
199036	199999	193384	20041109	166.0	6	1.0	NaN	1.0	68	9.0	0.0	3276	20160322	NaN	43.731010	-3.121867	0.027348	-0.808914	2.116551	0.228730	0.000300	0.103534	0.080625	0.124264	2.914571	-1.135270	0.547628	2.094057	-1.552150	0	4151.0

#data['test'] = data['test'].fillna(data['test'].mean())#好像是这个
data['used_time'] = data['used_time'].fillna(data['used_time'].mean())

data.head().append(data.tail())

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.000000
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.000000
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.000000
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.000000
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.000000
199032	199995	20903	19960503	4.0	4	4.0	0.0	0.0	116	15.0	0.0	3219	20160320	NaN	45.621391	5.958453	-0.918571	0.774826	-2.021739	0.284664	0.130044	0.049833	0.028807	0.004616	-5.978511	1.303174	-1.207191	-1.981240	-0.357695	0	7261.000000
199033	199996	708	19991011	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	75	15.0	0.0	1857	20160329	NaN	43.935162	4.476841	-0.841710	1.328253	-1.292675	0.268101	0.108095	0.066039	0.025468	0.025971	-3.913825	1.759524	-2.075658	-1.154847	0.169073	0	6014.000000
199034	199997	6693	20040412	49.0	1	0.0	1.0	1.0	224	15.0	0.0	3452	20160305	NaN	46.537137	4.170806	0.388595	-0.704689	-1.480710	0.269432	0.105724	0.117652	0.057479	0.015669	-4.639065	0.654713	1.137756	-1.390531	0.254420	0	4345.000000
199035	199998	96900	20020008	27.0	1	0.0	0.0	1.0	334	15.0	0.0	1998	20160404	NaN	46.771359	-3.296814	0.243566	-1.277411	-0.404881	0.261152	0.000490	0.137366	0.086216	0.051383	1.833504	-2.828687	2.465630	-0.911682	-2.057353	0	4441.030582
199036	199999	193384	20041109	166.0	6	1.0	NaN	1.0	68	9.0	0.0	3276	20160322	NaN	43.731010	-3.121867	0.027348	-0.808914	2.116551	0.228730	0.000300	0.103534	0.080625	0.124264	2.914571	-1.135270	0.547628	2.094057	-1.552150	0	4151.000000

# 看一下空数据，有 15k 个样本的时间是有问题的，我们可以选择删除，也可以选择放着。
# 但是这里不建议删除，因为删除缺失数据占总样本量过大，7.5%
# 我们可以先放着，因为如果我们 XGBoost 之类的决策树，其本身就能处理缺失值，所以可以不用管；
data['used_time'].isnull().sum()

# 从邮编中提取城市信息，因为是德国的数据，所以参考德国的邮编，相当于加入了先验知识
data['city'] = data['regionCode'].apply(lambda x : int(str(x)[:-3])if len(str(x))> 3 else 0)
data.info()
data.head().append(data.tail())

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 199037 entries, 0 to 199036
Data columns (total 34 columns):
 #   Column             Non-Null Count   Dtype  
---  ------             --------------   -----  
 0   SaleID             199037 non-null  int64  
 1   name               199037 non-null  int64  
 2   regDate            199037 non-null  int64  
 3   model              199036 non-null  float64
 4   brand              199037 non-null  int64  
 5   bodyType           193130 non-null  float64
 6   fuelType           187512 non-null  float64
 7   gearbox            191173 non-null  float64
 8   power              199037 non-null  int64  
 9   kilometer          199037 non-null  float64
 10  notRepairedDamage  199037 non-null  object 
 11  regionCode         199037 non-null  int64  
 12  seller             199037 non-null  int64  
 13  offerType          199037 non-null  int64  
 14  creatDate          199037 non-null  int64  
 15  price              149037 non-null  float64
 16  v_0                199037 non-null  float64
 17  v_1                199037 non-null  float64
 18  v_2                199037 non-null  float64
 19  v_3                199037 non-null  float64
 20  v_4                199037 non-null  float64
 21  v_5                199037 non-null  float64
 22  v_6                199037 non-null  float64
 23  v_7                199037 non-null  float64
 24  v_8                199037 non-null  float64
 25  v_9                199037 non-null  float64
 26  v_10               199037 non-null  float64
 27  v_11               199037 non-null  float64
 28  v_12               199037 non-null  float64
 29  v_13               199037 non-null  float64
 30  v_14               199037 non-null  float64
 31  train              199037 non-null  int64  
 32  used_time          199037 non-null  float64
 33  city               199037 non-null  int64  
dtypes: float64(22), int64(11), object(1)
memory usage: 51.6+ MB

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.000000	1
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.000000	4
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.000000	2
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.000000	0
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.000000	6
199032	199995	20903	19960503	4.0	4	4.0	0.0	0.0	116	15.0	0.0	3219	20160320	NaN	45.621391	5.958453	-0.918571	0.774826	-2.021739	0.284664	0.130044	0.049833	0.028807	0.004616	-5.978511	1.303174	-1.207191	-1.981240	-0.357695	0	7261.000000	3
199033	199996	708	19991011	0.0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	75	15.0	0.0	1857	20160329	NaN	43.935162	4.476841	-0.841710	1.328253	-1.292675	0.268101	0.108095	0.066039	0.025468	0.025971	-3.913825	1.759524	-2.075658	-1.154847	0.169073	0	6014.000000	1
199034	199997	6693	20040412	49.0	1	0.0	1.0	1.0	224	15.0	0.0	3452	20160305	NaN	46.537137	4.170806	0.388595	-0.704689	-1.480710	0.269432	0.105724	0.117652	0.057479	0.015669	-4.639065	0.654713	1.137756	-1.390531	0.254420	0	4345.000000	3
199035	199998	96900	20020008	27.0	1	0.0	0.0	1.0	334	15.0	0.0	1998	20160404	NaN	46.771359	-3.296814	0.243566	-1.277411	-0.404881	0.261152	0.000490	0.137366	0.086216	0.051383	1.833504	-2.828687	2.465630	-0.911682	-2.057353	0	4441.030582	1
199036	199999	193384	20041109	166.0	6	1.0	NaN	1.0	68	9.0	0.0	3276	20160322	NaN	43.731010	-3.121867	0.027348	-0.808914	2.116551	0.228730	0.000300	0.103534	0.080625	0.124264	2.914571	-1.135270	0.547628	2.094057	-1.552150	0	4151.000000	3

#train.groupby("brand")["price"].describe()
train.groupby("brand").describe()

	SaleID								name								regDate								model								bodyType								fuelType								gearbox		...	v_9		v_10								v_11								v_12								v_13								v_14								train
	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	...	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max	count	mean	std	min	25%	50%	75%	max
brand
0	31429.0	75135.898979	43216.003175	14.0	37611.00	75259.0	112411.00	149988.0	31429.0	68280.543002	61481.259318	0.0	10298.00	51720.0	119576.00	196811.0	31429.0	2.002938e+07	57745.773061	19910001.0	19981111.00	20030204.0	20071101.00	20151208.0	31429.0	26.238124	34.731275	0.0	0.0	8.0	44.0	230.0	30295.0	1.612642	1.576731	0.0	0.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	29572.0	0.425064	0.534715	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	6.0	30017.0	0.143985	...	0.070044	0.181968	31429.0	0.202655	3.819637	-8.251269	-3.755349	1.812951	2.969662	12.285299	31429.0	0.130102	3.414541	-5.114536	-1.856988	-0.342067	1.237629	18.379089	31429.0	0.010158	2.442354	-8.679290	-1.839407	-0.197639	1.741408	12.157611	31429.0	-0.226931	0.860948	-2.125022	-1.041485	-0.223171	0.366677	2.289283	31429.0	0.258134	0.921088	-3.960301	-0.080196	0.288050	0.872530	2.300021	31429.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
1	13656.0	74957.974297	43258.259449	1.0	37470.00	74582.5	112659.50	149994.0	13656.0	62886.934827	61452.088129	45.0	6693.00	40935.0	113516.50	196781.0	13656.0	2.004154e+07	57048.978974	19910001.0	20000102.00	20050111.0	20081104.00	20151210.0	13656.0	53.608890	29.804153	1.0	40.0	49.0	65.0	247.0	13359.0	1.591586	1.634055	0.0	0.0	2.0	2.0	7.0	13043.0	0.524649	0.531108	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	6.0	13210.0	0.340424	...	0.043838	0.193907	13656.0	-0.931170	3.883604	-8.051120	-4.793600	0.988510	2.287106	12.103094	13656.0	-0.416706	2.959515	-5.161408	-2.353655	-0.733364	1.107900	18.408500	13656.0	1.170914	2.357446	-5.969378	-0.683091	1.265707	2.820971	12.973057	13656.0	-1.061234	0.851262	-2.521308	-1.719965	-1.109461	-0.533658	4.907355	13656.0	-0.049340	0.875329	-3.683050	-0.452126	0.086691	0.566010	2.021592	13656.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	318.0	78087.817610	43396.063117	1460.0	39411.25	80894.5	116589.50	148937.0	318.0	78339.481132	55498.550938	855.0	29776.00	70464.5	117160.00	196276.0	318.0	2.004285e+07	62012.317580	19910304.0	20000028.00	20050158.5	20090405.25	20151112.0	318.0	84.937107	96.134973	1.0	2.0	19.0	197.0	207.0	314.0	5.990446	0.169300	3.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	306.0	0.725490	0.619204	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	312.0	0.753205	...	0.063097	0.132520	318.0	-1.465617	3.744038	-7.448232	-5.287060	0.740907	1.678765	11.312121	318.0	-1.997598	2.749805	-5.040389	-3.657794	-2.923828	-0.379690	17.834444	318.0	1.534046	1.989458	-6.188436	0.151433	1.262676	2.837065	8.071152	318.0	-0.528789	0.664283	-1.792006	-1.012964	-0.696783	-0.122290	1.082124	318.0	-1.543233	1.369426	-4.953890	-2.186592	-1.535352	-0.716360	0.996607	318.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
3	2461.0	76863.838683	43479.432350	25.0	38348.00	78782.0	115192.00	149975.0	2461.0	70155.264120	59515.861583	4.0	15034.00	56292.0	116235.00	196716.0	2461.0	2.006858e+07	44660.632387	19920107.0	20040206.00	20070705.0	20100910.00	20151208.0	2461.0	58.330760	50.853115	1.0	3.0	87.0	87.0	193.0	2422.0	1.678778	1.275721	0.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	7.0	2374.0	0.396799	0.512061	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	3.0	2413.0	0.120182	...	0.102473	0.190810	2461.0	-0.587122	3.517722	-7.081028	-4.048563	1.250506	2.386922	11.367486	2461.0	-0.329133	2.608295	-4.698429	-2.096946	-0.678162	1.083719	17.760794	2461.0	1.075896	2.009365	-5.889687	-0.304789	1.022185	2.460299	10.826623	2461.0	0.920820	0.938277	-1.944913	0.419845	0.990531	1.442011	3.774539	2461.0	-1.307435	1.164774	-3.975906	-2.162526	-1.171653	-0.430467	1.954672	2461.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
4	16575.0	74424.163801	43141.145888	6.0	37016.50	74228.0	111890.00	149986.0	16575.0	64769.137376	62658.750071	18.0	5555.00	45038.0	117141.50	196812.0	16575.0	2.003306e+07	53330.969493	19910001.0	19990706.00	20040012.0	20071009.00	20151212.0	16575.0	18.339970	30.471381	1.0	4.0	4.0	13.0	245.0	16210.0	1.648982	1.986454	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	7.0	15762.0	0.440426	0.541446	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	6.0	16130.0	0.356293	...	0.036444	0.138871	16575.0	-0.644018	3.854532	-8.192090	-4.906936	1.398704	2.331440	12.010943	16575.0	-0.641841	2.964420	-5.088259	-2.582502	-1.397307	1.004037	18.341317	16575.0	0.968379	2.217971	-7.882603	-0.743230	0.931882	2.488241	13.083661	16575.0	-1.268478	0.589530	-2.908192	-1.820144	-1.293616	-0.770327	1.549990	16575.0	-0.000511	0.672059	-4.476282	-0.350878	0.005552	0.455194	2.166396	16575.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
5	4662.0	74953.461819	43625.801338	4.0	37394.75	76202.5	112649.75	149969.0	4662.0	66926.721793	60586.323126	6.0	10626.50	48965.0	117049.50	196770.0	4662.0	2.003742e+07	44883.289281	19910008.0	20010004.00	20040206.5	20070404.50	20150907.0	4662.0	25.874517	40.397238	1.0	5.0	5.0	19.0	117.0	4542.0	1.999339	1.520976	0.0	1.0	1.0	4.0	7.0	4386.0	0.262882	0.482746	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.0	4507.0	0.060794	...	0.093820	0.173234	4662.0	0.296861	3.435354	-6.538353	-3.091683	1.859932	3.009183	12.148416	4662.0	0.341170	3.056326	-4.226201	-1.461243	0.024974	1.517538	18.630773	4662.0	-0.890986	2.047665	-7.233860	-2.242361	-1.035290	0.325174	11.369898	4662.0	0.835170	0.803478	-1.567229	0.421948	0.914513	1.355521	3.062267	4662.0	0.413911	0.571758	-2.512437	0.074772	0.404666	0.816989	2.228885	4662.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
6	10193.0	74865.558030	43552.630106	0.0	37048.00	74727.0	112624.00	149990.0	10193.0	67759.671049	61047.953072	7.0	10249.00	50267.0	117899.00	196763.0	10193.0	2.003343e+07	49126.243235	19910004.0	20000005.00	20030504.0	20070307.00	20151210.0	10193.0	50.601001	32.602429	1.0	30.0	46.0	69.0	236.0	9823.0	1.739998	1.477240	0.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	7.0	9451.0	0.331605	0.507588	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	9741.0	0.079355	...	0.088849	0.174175	10193.0	0.453570	3.751521	-7.417392	-3.318933	2.097469	3.290343	12.357011	10193.0	0.647936	3.466200	-4.644868	-1.297772	0.104708	1.730303	18.765443	10193.0	-1.049689	2.415648	-8.293423	-2.783272	-1.408243	0.606464	11.741638	10193.0	0.503864	0.827696	-1.663949	-0.018258	0.465792	1.047989	3.503605	10193.0	0.562719	0.793285	-4.100143	0.163964	0.617502	1.076853	2.467846	10193.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
7	2360.0	75250.205932	43678.252285	9.0	37552.25	74878.0	113342.25	149850.0	2360.0	69299.372034	58127.088681	9.0	17252.75	51459.5	116960.75	196742.0	2360.0	2.002641e+07	50934.788003	19910002.0	19990307.75	20030005.0	20060903.00	20151201.0	2360.0	67.324576	58.199505	1.0	7.0	78.0	90.0	195.0	2293.0	2.193197	1.888402	0.0	0.0	2.0	4.0	7.0	2243.0	0.236737	0.472855	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.0	2278.0	0.056190	...	0.097156	0.154929	2360.0	0.043372	3.698984	-7.335358	-3.682216	1.797291	2.898247	11.363643	2360.0	-0.079306	3.112975	-4.762878	-1.830181	-0.447594	1.017011	18.478554	2360.0	-0.608090	2.274225	-6.211157	-2.247694	-0.774330	0.897483	12.433202	2360.0	0.569155	0.857917	-1.487128	0.167047	0.624866	1.245085	2.403954	2360.0	-0.725277	0.844597	-3.576179	-1.277176	-0.659159	-0.143988	1.800145	2360.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
8	2070.0	74586.202415	44205.548259	120.0	35745.75	76107.5	111959.50	149992.0	2070.0	72592.696618	58963.388886	13.0	18045.00	59220.0	120232.75	196568.0	2070.0	2.003449e+07	56140.318328	19910002.0	19990807.50	20030605.5	20080482.50	20151111.0	2070.0	80.477778	62.427835	1.0	32.0	32.0	129.0	204.0	2007.0	2.112606	2.169138	0.0	1.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	1936.0	0.264979	0.478513	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	1999.0	0.118559	...	0.126626	0.182241	2070.0	0.497674	3.536123	-7.035689	-2.837964	1.518881	3.211395	11.426592	2070.0	0.052955	3.427019	-4.865708	-1.648288	-0.278306	1.369966	18.504017	2070.0	-0.549322	2.654042	-7.585131	-2.729013	-1.041358	1.662843	9.340888	2070.0	1.136608	1.208165	-1.755694	0.667204	1.377709	1.960064	3.639345	2070.0	-0.559776	1.068399	-4.548068	-1.071647	-0.407986	0.125283	1.869232	2070.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
9	7299.0	75216.050418	43212.153514	10.0	38410.50	74754.0	112200.50	149987.0	7299.0	70244.821619	60841.985920	14.0	13946.00	56217.0	119169.50	196713.0	7299.0	2.002628e+07	45428.588454	19910003.0	19990809.00	20020603.0	20051004.50	20151208.0	7299.0	42.144266	36.923623	1.0	10.0	22.0	66.0	123.0	7019.0	1.718906	1.372095	0.0	1.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	6722.0	0.235347	0.522330	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.0	6973.0	0.073139	...	0.111572	0.184351	7299.0	0.933918	3.472885	-6.263700	-2.706162	2.477623	3.492634	11.894036	7299.0	0.854147	3.520184	-4.321031	-1.089517	0.122418	1.932959	18.819042	7299.0	-1.572967	2.195678	-7.407455	-3.127826	-1.945874	-0.323995	9.711988	7299.0	1.297567	0.794103	-1.347980	0.834339	1.297944	1.770357	3.632836	7299.0	0.234535	0.751815	-2.813847	-0.220190	0.332027	0.719093	2.278235	7299.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
10	13994.0	75205.874803	43439.758881	3.0	37610.50	75121.0	112569.50	149998.0	13994.0	67331.798342	60753.607940	16.0	11242.00	48541.0	117395.00	196800.0	13994.0	2.003084e+07	52059.493889	19910002.0	19991205.00	20030405.5	20070309.00	20151207.0	13994.0	38.545591	37.370739	1.0	17.0	31.0	33.0	226.0	13713.0	1.962809	2.024122	0.0	0.0	2.0	3.0	7.0	13398.0	0.505896	0.560648	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	6.0	13564.0	0.575420	...	0.044004	0.125604	13994.0	-0.787944	3.789618	-8.436945	-4.676338	1.234128	2.326256	12.118343	13994.0	-0.595754	2.864221	-5.366580	-2.480332	-0.995418	0.903215	18.455196	13994.0	0.860639	2.138816	-7.195385	-0.722816	0.663825	2.270567	13.562011	13994.0	-1.111276	0.690632	-2.828945	-1.641285	-1.178183	-0.596863	1.446954	13994.0	-0.215205	0.902067	-6.113291	-0.552021	-0.095289	0.356898	2.113267	13994.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
11	2944.0	75153.740829	42823.474531	83.0	38343.75	75868.5	112185.00	149997.0	2944.0	69966.151834	61340.869319	19.0	12643.00	52956.0	119103.75	196785.0	2944.0	2.004489e+07	52721.427797	19910003.0	20000510.50	20040611.5	20090404.50	20151205.0	2944.0	83.091712	49.708246	1.0	60.0	60.0	116.0	184.0	2852.0	1.104839	1.168938	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	7.0	2785.0	0.303052	0.482534	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	3.0	2843.0	0.046782	...	0.113617	0.189313	2944.0	0.246968	3.590947	-6.711672	-3.468983	1.772204	3.089890	11.675463	2944.0	0.439107	3.252243	-3.911240	-1.528835	0.028555	1.630662	18.484508	2944.0	-0.205660	2.523470	-6.919479	-2.195230	-0.213088	1.690328	11.443174	2944.0	1.330700	0.964266	-1.619776	0.704863	1.250365	2.050045	3.896473	2944.0	-0.648424	0.922214	-4.576412	-0.930180	-0.530655	-0.100611	1.702045	2944.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
12	1108.0	74192.030686	42167.462987	345.0	38334.50	73457.5	109422.75	149629.0	1108.0	73052.243682	59664.008784	21.0	17032.00	61923.5	119556.75	196793.0	1108.0	2.001690e+07	55599.544665	19910003.0	19970411.00	20010810.5	20060904.00	20151210.0	1108.0	55.358303	61.001523	1.0	15.0	15.0	131.0	176.0	1067.0	2.029053	2.268162	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	7.0	1044.0	0.182950	0.625487	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.0	1082.0	0.118299	...	0.093852	0.139933	1108.0	0.301023	3.609198	-6.522588	-3.271745	2.008425	2.908080	11.364633	1108.0	0.069176	3.483745	-4.505058	-1.983762	-0.510518	1.050628	18.213683	1108.0	-0.546464	2.234541	-5.240744	-2.385848	-0.719024	1.012884	9.901890	1108.0	0.538105	0.925150	-1.562079	0.036841	0.437971	1.314252	2.635682	1108.0	-0.436398	0.925910	-3.297603	-0.823304	-0.329716	0.170607	1.689872	1108.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
13	3813.0	75807.485969	43369.185052	45.0	37548.00	75584.0	113804.00	149917.0	3813.0	69418.422502	60943.542910	22.0	10870.00	54468.0	120432.00	196756.0	3813.0	2.003626e+07	51050.488935	19910003.0	20000301.00	20030512.0	20080402.00	20151204.0	3813.0	75.765539	75.052396	1.0	16.0	19.0	164.0	228.0	3647.0	1.538799	1.379087	0.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	7.0	3536.0	0.228224	0.526208	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.0	3616.0	0.024336	...	0.124263	0.176603	3813.0	0.974184	3.544076	-6.729835	-2.633895	2.398146	3.467563	11.974500	3813.0	0.905273	3.601515	-3.991513	-1.144972	0.195962	1.960395	18.423083	3813.0	-1.115010	2.419075	-6.660521	-2.940837	-1.543928	0.554868	10.251221	3813.0	1.420437	1.222494	-1.314333	0.772731	1.583979	2.442350	3.990237	3813.0	0.146962	0.693859	-2.795332	-0.176193	0.238874	0.552159	2.039379	3813.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
14	16073.0	74965.405400	43273.533270	7.0	37602.00	74681.0	112612.00	149970.0	16073.0	68175.404343	61311.451932	27.0	11440.00	50531.0	118903.00	196795.0	16073.0	2.002211e+07	50572.857718	19910001.0	19981201.00	20011107.0	20060301.00	20151101.0	16073.0	53.728862	38.714159	1.0	26.0	48.0	73.0	217.0	15518.0	1.621601	1.457703	0.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	7.0	14883.0	0.251092	0.516146	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.0	15382.0	0.101547	...	0.095271	0.177625	16073.0	0.628787	3.556379	-6.866449	-3.019136	2.207823	3.344779	12.034736	16073.0	0.635476	3.371117	-4.474906	-1.263805	0.108876	1.680342	18.746229	16073.0	-1.346439	2.356970	-9.639552	-3.098923	-1.703890	0.123554	10.681064	16073.0	0.897454	0.792761	-1.401177	0.255511	0.882386	1.475575	3.462262	16073.0	0.416238	0.985198	-3.412186	-0.002721	0.585602	1.044119	2.743993	16073.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
15	1458.0	75836.777778	42919.175888	2.0	39051.25	74694.0	113072.75	149878.0	1458.0	54366.361454	59170.040930	496.0	5185.00	25150.0	99853.00	196730.0	1458.0	2.007449e+07	38355.204312	19911010.0	20050202.25	20080107.5	20100909.00	20151101.0	1458.0	91.209191	52.526146	1.0	20.0	115.0	115.0	208.0	1430.0	1.951049	1.551219	0.0	1.0	1.0	4.0	7.0	1421.0	0.104856	0.308765	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	1434.0	0.068340	...	0.081460	0.158983	1458.0	-1.638239	3.886271	-6.725212	-5.291464	-3.185584	2.086631	10.866295	1458.0	-0.200208	2.910238	-4.449206	-1.998758	-0.043786	1.805868	18.026409	1458.0	2.254994	1.428281	-5.134526	1.352491	2.064085	3.018247	10.737935	1458.0	-0.021208	0.878520	-2.068686	-0.602893	-0.168820	0.539850	2.368825	1458.0	-0.584835	1.093781	-4.302939	-1.218293	-0.244310	0.129999	1.787471	1458.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
16	2219.0	73605.734114	43241.191320	24.0	36326.50	73669.0	110490.50	149967.0	2219.0	69268.566021	62853.985952	32.0	7904.00	53724.0	122929.00	196810.0	2219.0	2.005215e+07	42439.839640	19950003.0	20020007.50	20050309.0	20081210.00	20151203.0	2219.0	35.250113	43.977668	1.0	21.0	21.0	21.0	169.0	2179.0	2.031666	1.535143	0.0	1.0	1.0	4.0	7.0	2128.0	0.184680	0.446698	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.0	1828.0	0.833698	...	0.079165	0.175786	2219.0	0.232958	3.355363	-6.007778	-3.303033	1.975813	2.850004	12.062635	2219.0	0.023905	2.749959	-3.747783	-1.521359	-0.554427	1.770565	17.938531	2219.0	-0.006882	1.636191	-4.818190	-1.197193	-0.141742	1.050875	9.422496	2219.0	0.356979	0.919330	-1.609028	-0.338461	0.323656	0.799167	3.687518	2219.0	0.283270	0.975365	-3.641332	0.062668	0.456052	0.922392	1.673653	2219.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
17	913.0	76391.495071	43001.469264	127.0	42395.00	76124.0	114306.00	149902.0	913.0	74632.959474	59677.582227	63.0	19057.00	60976.0	123652.00	196611.0	913.0	2.003280e+07	40929.411229	19910009.0	20001201.00	20030312.0	20060701.00	20151012.0	913.0	53.189485	44.684545	1.0	19.0	35.0	55.0	234.0	876.0	1.410959	1.752078	0.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	7.0	845.0	0.340828	0.503355	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	879.0	0.067122	...	0.112651	0.162548	913.0	0.416094	3.722685	-6.531455	-3.334165	2.140332	3.061162	12.180503	913.0	0.266060	3.476105	-4.446526	-1.645925	-0.416363	1.441443	18.198690	913.0	-0.719356	2.331593	-6.479402	-2.384324	-1.261515	0.950344	9.375095	913.0	0.910572	1.047373	-1.642076	0.148259	1.109650	1.731515	2.921252	913.0	-0.056988	0.883488	-1.889225	-0.860490	-0.030175	0.765552	1.649960	913.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
18	315.0	77633.352381	42433.451781	189.0	41542.00	77918.0	116743.50	149618.0	315.0	82412.244444	58198.407943	67.0	30605.00	70827.0	137309.50	193771.0	315.0	2.001261e+07	51348.748716	19910411.0	19971208.00	20000609.0	20050109.50	20150808.0	315.0	100.771429	70.724403	1.0	37.0	72.0	149.0	211.0	302.0	1.645695	1.573334	0.0	0.0	2.0	2.0	7.0	291.0	0.154639	0.491448	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.0	306.0	0.160131	...	0.110953	0.157512	315.0	0.887018	3.563810	-6.671605	-2.337864	2.286829	3.274892	11.002059	315.0	0.166556	3.711119	-4.157351	-1.944996	-0.785210	1.349590	18.702045	315.0	-0.595573	2.602414	-5.592622	-2.584811	-1.188427	1.283593	10.152891	315.0	0.851147	0.982307	-1.331271	0.144258	0.752683	1.595511	3.357300	315.0	-0.977489	1.076947	-3.405637	-1.797545	-0.772322	-0.296763	1.913713	315.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
19	1386.0	75560.020924	43706.641419	108.0	36555.50	76038.5	113820.75	149928.0	1386.0	78210.521645	59147.648804	141.0	25283.50	67916.5	126183.00	196712.0	1386.0	2.002140e+07	52415.137034	19910002.0	19980705.00	20010802.0	20060705.00	20150905.0	1386.0	111.703463	74.065212	1.0	38.0	59.0	178.0	233.0	1361.0	2.072006	1.587391	0.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	6.0	1322.0	0.482602	0.627469	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	1345.0	0.318216	...	0.100461	0.168084	1386.0	0.458372	3.322205	-7.524217	-2.880910	1.835827	3.014082	12.169001	1386.0	-0.467656	2.853088	-4.801876	-2.113042	-0.981589	1.185698	17.911345	1386.0	-0.300360	2.549155	-6.156476	-2.391214	-0.695172	1.675446	10.368790	1386.0	0.314171	1.097748	-1.889330	-0.408416	0.170611	0.989450	3.056540	1386.0	-0.829898	1.467238	-4.522631	-2.368066	-0.222489	0.294714	2.166740	1386.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
20	1235.0	72852.993522	42770.279495	270.0	36730.00	71808.0	109085.00	149923.0	1235.0	75610.621053	57519.555046	69.0	25344.00	62591.0	124960.50	196521.0	1235.0	2.002248e+07	49976.251607	19910005.0	19990006.00	20010911.0	20060301.00	20150912.0	1235.0	96.965182	72.403099	1.0	19.0	71.0	148.0	225.0	1175.0	1.939574	2.228954	0.0	0.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	1142.0	0.237303	0.518451	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.0	1190.0	0.164706	...	0.111390	0.177199	1235.0	0.785034	3.588094	-7.092171	-2.418497	2.126236	3.257914	11.325653	1235.0	0.307363	3.950357	-4.688188	-1.583725	-0.531796	1.171405	18.635290	1235.0	-1.070952	2.549985	-9.223993	-3.036032	-1.425503	0.578787	8.568987	1235.0	0.920612	1.223262	-1.451778	-0.168708	1.165518	1.948650	3.089669	1235.0	-0.227102	1.388666	-4.633527	-0.666089	0.063963	0.836313	1.857025	1235.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
21	1546.0	74411.115136	43042.507428	17.0	37334.75	75272.5	110606.00	149710.0	1546.0	68804.486417	57792.723668	83.0	19015.00	54175.0	113818.50	196158.0	1546.0	2.007134e+07	46009.516333	19921211.0	20040403.00	20071209.0	20110307.75	20151206.0	1546.0	65.705045	45.426932	1.0	19.0	82.0	82.0	191.0	1521.0	2.564103	2.358356	0.0	1.0	1.0	6.0	7.0	1486.0	0.337147	0.557827	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	1503.0	0.126414	...	0.070734	0.177306	1546.0	-0.475685	3.523654	-6.666113	-3.958469	1.187783	2.397824	11.487130	1546.0	-0.432908	2.722832	-4.713837	-2.167777	-0.668103	0.938675	17.991023	1546.0	0.525370	2.047954	-6.774670	-1.059614	0.709748	2.010039	11.683460	1546.0	0.311608	1.191928	-1.841718	-0.594075	0.300731	0.677414	3.113212	1546.0	0.095564	1.064292	-3.496441	-0.488067	0.231581	0.948296	2.017902	1546.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
22	1085.0	74106.372350	43456.470274	286.0	36621.00	73611.0	111236.00	149966.0	1085.0	75645.853456	57361.844785	354.0	24505.00	64182.0	123326.00	196675.0	1085.0	2.006849e+07	42384.456746	19940404.0	20040502.00	20060910.0	20100704.00	20151110.0	1085.0	88.134562	53.247892	1.0	58.0	95.0	118.0	187.0	1069.0	2.827877	2.350458	0.0	1.0	2.0	6.0	7.0	1041.0	0.480307	0.569958	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	1064.0	0.219925	...	0.119286	0.180232	1085.0	-0.068847	3.459512	-7.377229	-3.491510	1.554127	2.618712	11.358895	1085.0	-0.900918	2.624135	-4.631540	-2.373848	-1.220473	0.308024	17.850123	1085.0	0.652282	2.106158	-5.786973	-0.849187	0.660569	2.171080	9.804298	1085.0	0.990317	1.206859	-1.828631	0.235624	1.122912	1.895986	3.488786	1085.0	-1.325744	1.051142	-3.483484	-2.099871	-1.535887	-0.535032	1.632716	1085.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
23	183.0	71463.065574	42681.617690	981.0	37411.50	72602.0	106686.50	149073.0	183.0	91299.289617	56983.542288	200.0	42267.50	84050.0	142807.00	194901.0	183.0	2.001607e+07	47984.952170	19910601.0	19980557.00	20010012.0	20041205.00	20150712.0	183.0	141.879781	76.034237	1.0	147.0	147.0	198.0	246.0	177.0	1.361582	1.008089	0.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	5.0	170.0	0.241176	0.505073	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	174.0	0.132184	...	0.151933	0.195777	183.0	1.859704	2.923402	-4.659997	-1.039074	2.913294	3.682503	10.600353	183.0	0.413718	3.339626	-3.996334	-1.139900	-0.230774	1.316077	18.134975	183.0	-1.458836	2.478543	-6.134694	-3.138181	-2.029954	-0.044675	5.744553	183.0	1.685663	1.572607	-1.319020	0.641498	1.953308	2.837793	4.207282	183.0	-0.584089	0.954694	-3.119766	-0.832251	-0.573239	-0.049845	1.813045	183.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
24	630.0	77544.577778	43472.950598	104.0	41483.00	77434.0	116516.75	149770.0	630.0	68077.846032	63207.834220	754.0	6010.00	48344.0	123193.25	196698.0	630.0	2.004602e+07	55756.401134	19910101.0	20010705.00	20050706.0	20081009.75	20151004.0	630.0	141.434921	57.203244	1.0	135.0	167.0	167.0	196.0	609.0	4.722496	0.940763	0.0	4.0	5.0	5.0	7.0	596.0	0.115772	0.364408	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	605.0	0.454545	...	0.010444	0.096948	630.0	-2.181525	4.474586	-8.563886	-7.114687	0.431129	0.936029	11.517281	630.0	-2.068203	3.619911	-5.403044	-4.436895	-3.733340	-0.299474	17.321064	630.0	4.232475	1.772247	-2.501647	3.090258	3.970751	5.314654	13.847792	630.0	-2.606416	1.006631	-4.153899	-3.483702	-2.789147	-1.705373	-0.369503	630.0	-1.547405	1.520931	-4.990900	-2.049624	-1.381883	-0.481947	1.464521	630.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
25	2059.0	74127.034483	43501.338220	37.0	37139.00	74159.0	112051.50	149751.0	2059.0	78456.486644	59066.256877	270.0	22920.00	68579.0	126283.00	196732.0	2059.0	2.004729e+07	45101.627596	19910301.0	20011109.00	20050512.0	20080610.00	20151205.0	2059.0	77.587664	59.440144	1.0	19.0	74.0	107.0	213.0	2003.0	1.918622	1.544501	0.0	1.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	1964.0	0.402749	0.550286	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	6.0	1990.0	0.137186	...	0.129609	0.179783	2059.0	0.631146	3.364486	-5.958284	-3.020590	2.142861	2.997208	11.318870	2059.0	-0.011960	3.091690	-4.229087	-1.762297	-0.722704	1.159274	18.672101	2059.0	-0.291924	2.100629	-7.142263	-1.774015	-0.336165	1.088873	9.376154	2059.0	0.970131	1.428631	-1.543721	-0.544231	1.109999	2.224228	3.841097	2059.0	-0.709130	0.910082	-2.964917	-1.563683	-0.554168	-0.095176	1.545084	2059.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
26	878.0	77493.378132	43487.023734	347.0	40607.75	76995.5	115285.25	149956.0	878.0	88815.642369	58856.666895	319.0	37001.00	84736.5	138247.25	196809.0	878.0	2.003434e+07	57256.432799	19910012.0	20000002.00	20030909.0	20077805.25	20151211.0	878.0	1.000000	0.000000	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	736.0	3.501359	2.472158	0.0	1.0	4.0	6.0	7.0	712.0	0.667135	1.085715	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	6.0	714.0	0.523810	...	0.031951	0.115086	878.0	1.585720	4.774101	-7.936043	-2.071304	1.999438	3.112465	12.319303	878.0	1.122851	6.295803	-4.734807	-2.794448	-1.101424	0.872000	18.563847	878.0	1.514269	2.664720	-6.849828	-0.248631	1.420006	2.910000	12.964502	878.0	-1.450474	0.622820	-2.683358	-2.035405	-1.523719	-0.929298	-0.012991	878.0	0.794297	0.602347	-1.421036	0.360552	0.820368	1.257269	2.228209	878.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
27	2049.0	73845.705710	43240.478883	15.0	36399.00	73615.0	110825.00	149922.0	2049.0	69949.441191	59332.550713	456.0	15265.00	52631.0	117151.00	196757.0	2049.0	2.004516e+07	52069.929164	19910002.0	20010306.00	20050901.0	20080906.00	20150611.0	2049.0	119.454856	58.426871	1.0	111.0	136.0	160.0	219.0	2013.0	1.959762	1.921902	0.0	1.0	1.0	3.0	7.0	1969.0	0.376333	0.797652	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	4.0	1996.0	0.132766	...	0.117030	0.171262	2049.0	-0.349411	3.401541	-8.385159	-3.775698	1.388747	2.568366	11.438472	2049.0	-0.220547	2.787389	-4.900100	-1.958291	-0.485905	1.291661	17.955811	2049.0	0.433205	1.927001	-5.487213	-1.092251	0.502035	1.570864	9.238937	2049.0	0.909657	1.208100	-1.819820	0.267599	1.155180	1.789408	3.036236	2049.0	-1.148241	1.261924	-4.288604	-1.986162	-1.035812	-0.208064	1.791176	2049.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
28	633.0	74738.657188	43356.425965	267.0	37797.00	76432.0	112074.00	149999.0	633.0	75250.409163	57674.072361	328.0	21680.00	63202.0	118631.00	196106.0	633.0	2.006528e+07	52284.870060	19910003.0	20050609.00	20070810.0	20100907.00	20140312.0	633.0	83.764613	79.789794	1.0	19.0	19.0	177.0	238.0	625.0	2.417600	2.278666	0.0	1.0	1.0	5.0	7.0	603.0	0.406302	0.726179	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	5.0	619.0	0.268174	...	0.145658	0.182138	633.0	0.083255	3.220259	-6.585369	-2.903576	1.680640	2.600357	11.081233	633.0	-0.673638	2.632410	-4.493970	-2.368460	-1.022317	0.951035	17.505573	633.0	0.662696	1.697063	-4.261720	-0.609220	0.507734	1.879061	8.397233	633.0	0.913849	1.738917	-1.765759	-0.652658	0.216346	2.616105	3.267012	633.0	-0.725659	1.529047	-4.800336	-0.651846	-0.316054	0.056592	1.681307	633.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
29	406.0	74621.884236	43236.633955	228.0	37153.50	73950.5	111987.25	149794.0	406.0	70945.206897	56446.897666	364.0	19719.00	55950.5	115637.75	191417.0	406.0	2.010308e+07	22641.540390	19990307.0	20090311.00	20101007.0	20120607.75	20150801.0	406.0	145.527094	53.246485	1.0	97.0	153.0	203.0	220.0	402.0	2.766169	2.209716	0.0	1.0	2.0	6.0	7.0	387.0	0.410853	0.643167	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	3.0	396.0	0.000000	...	0.154961	0.180703	406.0	-0.790372	3.346689	-6.638600	-4.004475	1.189307	2.337868	9.911740	406.0	-0.815966	2.505750	-4.278372	-2.240155	-1.316043	1.003902	18.215280	406.0	1.264502	1.273312	-1.366109	0.238120	1.313790	2.125154	7.968338	406.0	2.348716	0.891323	-1.267262	1.340144	2.740750	2.959609	3.670654	406.0	-1.569358	1.180541	-4.288898	-2.280369	-2.059071	-0.173354	1.671054	406.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
30	940.0	75172.069149	44258.585908	223.0	36734.00	74946.0	114503.50	149916.0	940.0	70067.446809	57915.463701	368.0	20215.00	52366.0	116240.00	196292.0	940.0	2.003896e+07	55861.120829	19910005.0	19990907.50	20050009.5	20080806.00	20151207.0	940.0	71.619149	69.901983	1.0	19.0	19.0	137.0	194.0	914.0	2.840263	2.467461	0.0	1.0	1.0	6.0	7.0	885.0	0.148023	0.388769	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	905.0	0.081768	...	0.112232	0.177734	940.0	-0.126412	3.654306	-6.275393	-3.720092	1.457661	2.748777	11.517406	940.0	0.005554	3.280222	-4.358551	-1.716405	-0.350104	1.357139	18.455192	940.0	-0.173341	2.100211	-6.730851	-1.817245	-0.051923	1.165228	9.049487	940.0	0.576410	1.292044	-1.367847	-0.634741	0.557611	1.816135	3.403661	940.0	-0.826164	1.106440	-4.161693	-1.277038	-0.576715	-0.192327	1.843991	940.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
31	318.0	79211.823899	44752.440924	986.0	38857.25	81918.5	119649.75	149436.0	318.0	72795.921384	59748.139844	19.0	19852.00	55504.5	124235.25	196533.0	318.0	2.002378e+07	41200.588927	19920009.0	19991135.25	20030156.5	20060481.00	20120903.0	318.0	122.251572	66.370955	1.0	100.0	100.0	150.0	241.0	299.0	1.515050	1.537760	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	7.0	285.0	0.021053	0.204472	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	300.0	0.110000	...	0.154065	0.197007	318.0	1.544940	3.692167	-5.214919	-2.356698	2.989602	3.932320	11.722887	318.0	1.596768	4.075336	-3.331715	-0.364359	0.453222	2.303626	18.434987	318.0	-2.145505	2.219577	-7.476219	-3.721772	-2.628344	-0.437923	5.561065	318.0	2.790518	1.253698	-0.601478	2.628097	3.147084	3.627427	4.574046	318.0	-0.098571	1.047429	-3.530033	-0.350457	0.116856	0.605951	1.781382	318.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
32	588.0	77254.421769	43933.469591	785.0	38649.50	79253.0	116300.50	149906.0	588.0	80697.831633	60478.938739	532.0	23408.00	73592.0	133244.25	196673.0	588.0	2.002166e+07	37778.359656	19910012.0	19991207.50	20020457.5	20050602.25	20150007.0	588.0	101.000000	74.183804	1.0	19.0	120.0	173.0	185.0	568.0	2.457746	1.557247	0.0	2.0	3.0	3.0	7.0	551.0	0.471869	0.631469	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	571.0	0.553415	...	0.109876	0.148974	588.0	0.433381	3.612880	-6.647469	-3.321114	2.084440	2.931624	11.528951	588.0	-0.221359	3.340916	-4.232155	-2.162154	-1.201379	1.061553	17.634468	588.0	-0.626338	2.320674	-7.328804	-2.191988	-1.058943	0.740408	9.804773	588.0	0.564083	1.066244	-1.316508	-0.479304	0.759701	1.385450	2.695913	588.0	-1.007297	1.020659	-4.544762	-1.584126	-0.847772	-0.353823	1.404809	588.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
33	201.0	74372.567164	46552.749727	213.0	34590.00	68461.0	118484.00	149600.0	201.0	81124.049751	57825.076347	726.0	30423.00	70408.0	127691.00	196467.0	201.0	2.002732e+07	49375.949773	19910111.0	20000403.00	20021211.0	20061008.00	20150808.0	201.0	111.517413	80.162903	1.0	19.0	179.0	181.0	181.0	198.0	0.555556	1.364690	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.0	195.0	0.420513	0.589941	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	2.0	198.0	0.792929	...	0.101085	0.122254	201.0	-0.382310	3.667147	-6.699000	-4.361581	1.701981	2.388892	9.788658	201.0	-0.963164	2.475391	-4.042492	-2.448779	-1.813465	0.695686	14.265191	201.0	1.162601	1.828595	-1.835974	-0.105305	0.825324	2.461365	8.332826	201.0	-0.212318	1.028219	-2.181042	-1.122769	0.195374	0.548407	1.846387	201.0	-1.430185	1.426232	-3.699757	-2.725109	-1.730609	-0.153571	1.100867	201.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
34	227.0	67690.295154	45058.232029	821.0	26593.50	63861.0	108637.00	149962.0	227.0	86537.942731	58063.238676	733.0	39316.00	75063.0	135185.00	196322.0	227.0	2.001670e+07	25854.786441	19940305.0	20000306.50	20021009.0	20040357.00	20090806.0	227.0	103.903084	63.722708	1.0	92.0	92.0	141.0	216.0	214.0	1.116822	1.130207	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	7.0	206.0	0.106796	0.450747	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	218.0	0.073394	...	0.180723	0.213617	227.0	2.336748	3.069714	-3.994545	-0.675070	3.451118	3.842282	11.482525	227.0	1.297720	3.818776	-1.979440	-0.628523	0.084570	2.241391	18.004163	227.0	-2.717730	2.046480	-7.591009	-3.716544	-2.843971	-2.143089	5.869691	227.0	3.593484	1.683694	0.175089	3.653462	4.219027	4.847437	5.249750	227.0	-0.478732	0.482595	-1.466562	-0.833232	-0.483200	-0.137173	0.978073	227.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
35	180.0	75761.288889	42658.662014	1239.0	42427.25	76158.0	109473.00	149835.0	180.0	92504.377778	56658.832239	1985.0	43453.50	89256.0	137603.50	193029.0	180.0	1.999566e+07	26177.571767	19920202.0	19980753.00	19991104.0	20010412.00	20081012.0	180.0	20.794444	31.562600	1.0	19.0	19.0	19.0	240.0	174.0	1.137931	1.774400	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	7.0	163.0	0.171779	0.438785	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	171.0	0.128655	...	0.072706	0.111065	180.0	2.698322	2.546303	-5.300156	2.679139	3.218441	3.602274	11.216075	180.0	-0.132526	3.185104	-4.492133	-1.452299	-0.933803	0.004659	15.908381	180.0	-2.118162	1.833393	-7.024219	-3.163407	-2.343118	-1.363827	4.675358	180.0	-0.310187	0.406609	-0.710799	-0.534089	-0.451840	-0.195753	2.305511	180.0	-0.269934	0.703368	-4.304987	-0.470896	-0.285957	0.087244	1.152364	180.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
36	228.0	73029.513158	41254.861198	699.0	36801.25	74890.0	106929.50	147599.0	228.0	95786.000000	58318.848570	2310.0	45353.25	93729.5	145547.00	196115.0	228.0	2.000187e+07	43634.811252	19910001.0	19971006.50	20000703.5	20030533.75	20120201.0	228.0	68.736842	84.506711	1.0	19.0	19.0	205.0	232.0	226.0	2.075221	2.010772	0.0	0.0	2.0	4.0	7.0	210.0	0.280952	0.604702	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.0	219.0	0.210046	...	0.088218	0.178423	228.0	1.428753	2.682799	-5.395128	1.532496	2.541814	2.996332	10.525269	228.0	-1.140752	2.139584	-3.857012	-2.153057	-1.579656	-0.685238	17.097484	228.0	-0.905136	1.914516	-5.375736	-2.362553	-1.033816	0.415038	4.007988	228.0	-0.026382	0.938113	-1.156501	-0.848372	-0.379545	1.012891	2.450867	228.0	-0.661150	0.820463	-2.472309	-1.188085	-0.478278	-0.047181	0.935694	228.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
37	331.0	73778.833837	44279.708500	57.0	34365.50	73581.0	111356.00	149816.0	331.0	82216.232628	58785.168955	1747.0	30364.50	69461.0	136735.50	192926.0	331.0	2.005355e+07	53794.575230	19910106.0	20010907.50	20060112.0	20091008.00	20151210.0	330.0	190.275758	28.105528	1.0	189.0	200.0	202.0	206.0	324.0	5.978395	0.355622	0.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	7.0	326.0	0.861963	0.371228	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	2.0	324.0	0.478395	...	0.106693	0.222787	331.0	-1.205835	3.866438	-8.798810	-5.546108	0.586353	1.297289	10.207696	331.0	-2.449968	3.002255	-5.391154	-4.375784	-3.313433	-0.703420	14.724600	331.0	2.681481	2.293266	-2.854245	0.874165	2.821037	4.536863	9.983565	331.0	0.091308	1.051330	-2.255182	-0.374834	0.060246	0.455534	11.147669	331.0	-4.089576	1.169474	-6.546556	-4.561176	-4.118236	-3.682716	8.658418	331.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
38	65.0	79568.169231	46074.928132	570.0	35584.00	98020.0	115964.00	147553.0	65.0	69180.092308	53590.168691	2632.0	21519.00	56816.0	111613.00	189410.0	65.0	2.006727e+07	42559.876836	19950008.0	20050701.00	20080205.0	20091003.00	20150205.0	65.0	171.600000	83.524847	1.0	214.0	214.0	214.0	242.0	60.0	4.666667	2.282332	0.0	2.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	60.0	0.350000	0.755208	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0	60.0	0.000000	...	0.156860	0.210402	65.0	0.925148	4.186859	-5.543358	-3.030515	1.955995	2.588624	11.613387	65.0	-0.364350	4.634212	-3.655055	-2.905654	-1.627678	0.216899	16.388386	65.0	-0.025510	2.116160	-3.477392	-1.090534	-0.339330	0.525587	8.297318	65.0	2.623626	1.387277	-0.887793	2.542658	3.255139	3.416094	4.599514	65.0	-1.855674	1.140203	-3.268925	-2.505578	-2.328672	-1.755200	0.878431	65.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
39	9.0	70365.222222	39637.457808	5144.0	49803.00	76258.0	99049.00	127071.0	9.0	74224.666667	59824.384652	22825.0	38387.00	50778.0	65608.00	181810.0	9.0	2.000169e+07	75637.080552	19910707.0	19950009.00	19981203.0	20040710.00	20150402.0	9.0	86.000000	118.727629	1.0	1.0	19.0	244.0	244.0	7.0	2.571429	2.439750	0.0	0.5	2.0	4.5	6.0	6.0	0.166667	0.408248	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	7.0	0.000000	...	0.072366	0.184668	9.0	1.515873	2.985496	-6.214428	1.717704	2.118526	3.142073	3.399385	9.0	2.910655	8.745510	-3.436782	-1.548087	-1.059497	0.697001	18.197699	9.0	0.760231	2.972780	-2.862146	-1.400021	-0.249955	1.914129	5.452985	9.0	0.496650	1.477420	-0.897785	-0.674703	0.075403	1.532134	3.577009	9.0	-0.899515	1.813946	-3.620942	-2.306780	0.000658	0.258403	1.005671	9.0	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0

40 rows × 240 columns

# 计算某品牌的销售统计量，同学们还可以计算其他特征的统计量
# 这里要以 train 的数据计算统计量
train_gb = train.groupby("brand")
all_info = {}
for kind, kind_data in train_gb:
    info = {}
    #print('kind/n',kind)
    #print('kind_data/n',kind_data)
    kind_data = kind_data[kind_data['price'] > 0]
    info['brand_amount'] = len(kind_data)
    info['brand_price_max'] = kind_data.price.max()
    info['brand_price_median'] = kind_data.price.median()
    info['brand_price_min'] = kind_data.price.min()
    info['brand_price_sum'] = kind_data.price.sum()
    info['brand_price_std'] = kind_data.price.std()
    info['brand_price_average'] = round(kind_data.price.sum() / (len(kind_data) + 1), 2)
    all_info[kind] = info
brand_fe = pd.DataFrame(all_info).T.reset_index().rename(columns={"index": "brand"})
#brand_fe.head()
data = data.merge(brand_fe, how='left', on='brand')

brand_fe.head()

	brand	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average
0	0	31429.0	68500.0	3199.0	13.0	173719698.0	6261.371627	5527.19
1	1	13656.0	84000.0	6399.0	15.0	124044603.0	8988.865406	9082.86
2	2	318.0	55800.0	7500.0	35.0	3766241.0	10576.224444	11806.40
3	3	2461.0	37500.0	4990.0	65.0	15954226.0	5396.327503	6480.19
4	4	16575.0	99999.0	5999.0	12.0	138279069.0	8089.863295	8342.13

data.head()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	regionCode	creatDate	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1046	20160404	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0	1	10193.0	35990.0	1800.0	13.0	36457518.0	4562.233331	3576.37
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	4366	20160309	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0	4	13656.0	84000.0	6399.0	15.0	124044603.0	8988.865406	9082.86
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	2806	20160402	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0	2	1458.0	45000.0	8500.0	100.0	14373814.0	5425.058140	9851.83
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	434	20160312	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0	0	13994.0	92900.0	5200.0	15.0	113034210.0	8244.695287	8076.76
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	6977	20160313	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0	6	4662.0	31500.0	2300.0	20.0	15414322.0	3344.689763	3305.67

# 数据分桶 以 power 为例
# 这时候我们的缺失值也进桶了，
# 为什么要做数据分桶呢，原因有很多，= =
# 1. 离散后稀疏向量内积乘法运算速度更快，计算结果也方便存储，容易扩展；（one_hot的优点）
# 2. 离散后的特征对异常值更具鲁棒性，如 age>30 为 1 否则为 0，对于年龄为 200 的也不会对模型造成很大的干扰；
# 3. LR 属于广义线性模型，表达能力有限，经过离散化后，每个变量有单独的权重，这相当于引入了非线性，能够提升模型的表达能力，加大拟合；（one_hot 优点）
# 4. 离散后特征可以进行特征交叉，提升表达能力，由 M+N 个变量编程 M*N 个变量，进一步引入非线形，提升了表达能力；（one_hot优点）
# 5. 特征离散后模型更稳定，如用户年龄区间，不会因为用户年龄长了一岁就变化

# 当然还有很多原因，LightGBM 在改进 XGBoost 时就增加了数据分桶，增强了模型的泛化性

bin = [i*10 for i in range(31)]
data['power_bin'] = pd.cut(data['power'], bin, labels=False)
data[['power_bin', 'power']].head()

	power_bin	power
0	5.0	60
1	NaN	0
2	16.0	163
3	19.0	193
4	6.0	68

data['power_bin']#由于设置了label=False，power_bin 分别表示power被分到了第几个桶中

0          5.0
1          NaN
2         16.0
3         19.0
4          6.0
          ... 
199032    11.0
199033     7.0
199034    22.0
199035     NaN
199036     6.0
Name: power_bin, Length: 199037, dtype: float64

# 利用好了，就可以删掉原始数据了
data = data.drop(['creatDate', 'regDate', 'regionCode'], axis=1)

print(data.shape)
data.columns

(199037, 39)





Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType', 'gearbox',
       'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage', 'seller', 'offerType',
       'price', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8',
       'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14', 'train', 'used_time',
       'city', 'brand_amount', 'brand_price_max', 'brand_price_median',
       'brand_price_min', 'brand_price_sum', 'brand_price_std',
       'brand_price_average', 'power_bin'],
      dtype='object')

# 目前的数据其实已经可以给树模型使用了，所以我们导出一下
data.to_csv('data_for_tree.csv', index=0)

data.head()

	SaleID	name	model	brand	bodyType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average	power_bin
0	0	736	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	60	12.5	0.0	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0	1	10193.0	35990.0	1800.0	13.0	36457518.0	4562.233331	3576.37	5.0
1	1	2262	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0	15.0	-	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0	4	13656.0	84000.0	6399.0	15.0	124044603.0	8988.865406	9082.86	NaN
2	2	14874	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	163	12.5	0.0	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0	2	1458.0	45000.0	8500.0	100.0	14373814.0	5425.058140	9851.83	16.0
3	3	71865	109.0	10	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	0.0	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0	0	13994.0	92900.0	5200.0	15.0	113034210.0	8244.695287	8076.76	19.0
4	4	111080	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	68	5.0	0.0	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0	6	4662.0	31500.0	2300.0	20.0	15414322.0	3344.689763	3305.67	6.0

# 我们可以再构造一份特征给 LR NN 之类的模型用
# 之所以分开构造是因为，不同模型对数据集的要求不同
# 我们看下数据分布：
data['power'].plot.hist()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x2870d506978>

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# 我们刚刚已经对 train 进行异常值处理了，但是现在还有这么奇怪的分布是因为 test 中的 power 异常值，
# 所以我们其实刚刚 train 中的 power 异常值不删为好，可以用长尾分布截断来代替
train['power'].plot.hist()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x287001c6f60>

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# 我们对其取 log，在做归一化
from sklearn import preprocessing
min_max_scaler = preprocessing.MinMaxScaler()
data['power'] = np.log(data['power'] + 1) 
data['power'] = ((data['power'] - np.min(data['power'])) / (np.max(data['power']) - np.min(data['power'])))
data['power'].plot.hist()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x2870022bac8>

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# km 的比较正常，应该是已经做过分桶了
data['kilometer'].plot.hist()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x287002b1358>

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data['kilometer'].value_counts()#从这里我们可以直观的看到为啥判定kilometer可能是分桶过的，他的类别只有这有限的几类。

15.0    128682
12.5     20958
10.0      8506
9.0       6992
8.0       6043
7.0       5442
6.0       4886
5.0       4197
4.0       3576
3.0       3309
2.0       3034
0.5       2431
1.0        981
Name: kilometer, dtype: int64

data['power_bin'].plot.hist()#画一下power分桶之后的效果，看一下

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x287004c1ac8>

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# 所以我们可以直接做归一化
data['kilometer'] = ((data['kilometer'] - np.min(data['kilometer'])) / 
                        (np.max(data['kilometer']) - np.min(data['kilometer'])))
data['kilometer'].plot.hist()

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x28700291e10>

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# 除此之外 还有我们刚刚构造的统计量特征：
# 'brand_amount', 'brand_price_average', 'brand_price_max',
# 'brand_price_median', 'brand_price_min', 'brand_price_std',
# 'brand_price_sum'
# 这里不再一一举例分析了，直接做变换，
def max_min(x):
    return (x - np.min(x)) / (np.max(x) - np.min(x))

data['brand_amount'] = ((data['brand_amount'] - np.min(data['brand_amount'])) / 
                        (np.max(data['brand_amount']) - np.min(data['brand_amount'])))
data['brand_price_average'] = ((data['brand_price_average'] - np.min(data['brand_price_average'])) / 
                               (np.max(data['brand_price_average']) - np.min(data['brand_price_average'])))
data['brand_price_max'] = ((data['brand_price_max'] - np.min(data['brand_price_max'])) / 
                           (np.max(data['brand_price_max']) - np.min(data['brand_price_max'])))
data['brand_price_median'] = ((data['brand_price_median'] - np.min(data['brand_price_median'])) /
                              (np.max(data['brand_price_median']) - np.min(data['brand_price_median'])))
data['brand_price_min'] = ((data['brand_price_min'] - np.min(data['brand_price_min'])) / 
                           (np.max(data['brand_price_min']) - np.min(data['brand_price_min'])))
data['brand_price_std'] = ((data['brand_price_std'] - np.min(data['brand_price_std'])) / 
                           (np.max(data['brand_price_std']) - np.min(data['brand_price_std'])))
data['brand_price_sum'] = ((data['brand_price_sum'] - np.min(data['brand_price_sum'])) / 
                           (np.max(data['brand_price_sum']) - np.min(data['brand_price_sum'])))

data.head()

	SaleID	name	model	brand	bodyType	gearbox	power	kilometer	notRepairedDamage	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average	power_bin
0	0	736	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.415091	0.827586	0.0	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0	1	0.324125	0.340786	0.032075	0.002064	0.209684	0.207660	0.081655	5.0
1	1	2262	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.000000	1.000000	-	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0	4	0.434341	0.835230	0.205623	0.004128	0.713985	0.437002	0.257305	NaN
2	2	14874	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.514954	0.827586	0.0	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0	2	0.046117	0.433578	0.284906	0.091847	0.082533	0.252362	0.281834	16.0
3	3	71865	109.0	10	0.0	1.0	0.531917	1.000000	0.0	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0	0	0.445099	0.926889	0.160377	0.004128	0.650591	0.398447	0.225212	19.0
4	4	111080	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.427535	0.310345	0.0	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0	6	0.148090	0.294545	0.050943	0.009288	0.088524	0.144579	0.073020	6.0

# 对类别特征进行 OneEncoder
data = pd.get_dummies(data, columns=['model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
                                     'gearbox', 'notRepairedDamage', 'power_bin'])

data.head()

	SaleID	name	power	kilometer	price	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average	...	bodyType_0.0	bodyType_1.0	bodyType_2.0	fuelType_0.0	gearbox_0.0	gearbox_1.0	notRepairedDamage_-	notRepairedDamage_0.0	power_bin_5.0	power_bin_6.0	power_bin_16.0	power_bin_19.0
0	0	736	0.415091	0.827586	1850.0	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0	1	0.324125	0.340786	0.032075	0.002064	0.209684	0.207660	0.081655	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
1	1	2262	0.000000	1.000000	3600.0	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0	4	0.434341	0.835230	0.205623	0.004128	0.713985	0.437002	0.257305	...	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
2	2	14874	0.514954	0.827586	6222.0	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0	2	0.046117	0.433578	0.284906	0.091847	0.082533	0.252362	0.281834	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0
3	3	71865	0.531917	1.000000	2400.0	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0	0	0.445099	0.926889	0.160377	0.004128	0.650591	0.398447	0.225212	...	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1
4	4	111080	0.427535	0.310345	5200.0	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0	6	0.148090	0.294545	0.050943	0.009288	0.088524	0.144579	0.073020	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0

5 rows × 370 columns

print(data.shape)
data.columns

(199037, 370)





Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'power', 'kilometer', 'seller', 'offerType', 'price',
       'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2',
       ...
       'power_bin_20.0', 'power_bin_21.0', 'power_bin_22.0', 'power_bin_23.0',
       'power_bin_24.0', 'power_bin_25.0', 'power_bin_26.0', 'power_bin_27.0',
       'power_bin_28.0', 'power_bin_29.0'],
      dtype='object', length=370)

# 这份数据可以给 LR 用
data.to_csv('data_for_lr.csv', index=0)

3.3.3 特征筛选

1) 过滤式

# 相关性分析
print(data['power'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))
print(data['kilometer'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))
print(data['brand_amount'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))
print(data['brand_price_average'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))
print(data['brand_price_max'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))
print(data['brand_price_median'].corr(data['price'], method='spearman'))

0.5728285196051496
-0.4082569701616764
0.058156610025581514
0.3834909576057687
0.259066833880992
0.38691042393409447

# 当然也可以直接看图
data_numeric = data[['power', 'kilometer', 'brand_amount', 'brand_price_average', 
                     'brand_price_max', 'brand_price_median']]
correlation = data_numeric.corr()

f , ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
plt.title('Correlation of Numeric Features with Price',y=1,size=16)
sns.heatmap(correlation,square = True,  vmax=0.8)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x28700594b70>

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x.columns

Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'power', 'kilometer', 'seller', 'offerType', 'v_0',
       'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3',
       ...
       'power_bin_20.0', 'power_bin_21.0', 'power_bin_22.0', 'power_bin_23.0',
       'power_bin_24.0', 'power_bin_25.0', 'power_bin_26.0', 'power_bin_27.0',
       'power_bin_28.0', 'power_bin_29.0'],
      dtype='object', length=369)

# from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, ShuffleSplit
# from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
# from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
# import numpy as np

# # Load boston housing dataset as an example
# boston = load_boston()
# X = x
# Y = y
# # names = x[0]

# rf = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=20, max_depth=4)
# scores = []
# # 单独采用每个特征进行建模，并进行交叉验证
# for i in range(X.shape[1]):
#     score = cross_val_score(rf, X[:, i:i+1], Y, scoring="r2",  # 注意X[:, i]和X[:, i:i+1]的区别
#                             cv=ShuffleSplit(len(X), 3, .3))
#     scores.append((format(np.mean(score), '.3f')))#, names[i]
# print(sorted(scores, reverse=True))

2) 包裹式

# !pip install mlxtend

def fill(x):
    if not x:
        x = 0
    return int(x)
data['city'] = data['city'].map(fill)

data.groupby("city").describe()
#data['city'].isnull().sum()
data['city'].value_counts()

0    48645
1    42188
2    35133
3    27325
4    19945
5    13462
6     8313
7     3887
8      139
Name: city, dtype: int64

data['price'][0:train.shape[0]].isnull().sum()

print (train.shape[0])
print (test.shape[0])

149037
50000

# k_feature 太大会很难跑，没服务器，所以提前 interrupt 了
from mlxtend.feature_selection import SequentialFeatureSelector as SFS
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
sfs = SFS(LinearRegression(),
           k_features=20,
           forward=True,
           floating=False,
           scoring = 'r2',
           cv = 0)
x = data.drop(['price'], axis=1)
x = x.fillna(0)[0:train.shape[0]]
y = data['price'][0:train.shape[0]]
sfs.fit(x, y)
sfs.k_feature_names_

('kilometer',
 'v_3',
 'v_4',
 'v_6',
 'v_13',
 'v_14',
 'used_time',
 'brand_price_average',
 'model_44.0',
 'model_105.0',
 'model_113.0',
 'model_167.0',
 'brand_16',
 'bodyType_6.0',
 'gearbox_1.0',
 'power_bin_6.0',
 'power_bin_18.0',
 'power_bin_24.0',
 'power_bin_25.0',
 'power_bin_26.0')

# k_feature 太大会很难跑，没服务器，所以提前 interrupt 了
from mlxtend.feature_selection import SequentialFeatureSelector as SFS
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
sfs = SFS(LinearRegression(),
           k_features=10,
           forward=True,
           floating=False,
           scoring = 'r2',
           cv = 0)
x = data.drop(['price','city'],axis=1)
#x.head()
x = x.fillna(0)[0:train.shape[0]]
y = data['price'][0:train.shape[0]]
sfs.fit(x, y)
sfs.k_feature_names_

('kilometer',
 'v_3',
 'v_4',
 'v_13',
 'v_14',
 'used_time',
 'brand_price_average',
 'model_167.0',
 'gearbox_1.0',
 'power_bin_24.0')

# k_feature=sfs.get_metric_dict()
# for fea in k_feature:
#     fea=k_feature[fea]
#     print(f"Feature Name:{fea['feature_names']},")
#           # /t 
#     print(f"Avg_Soure:{fea["avg_score"]}")

x.head()
#print(train.shape[0])

	SaleID	name	power	kilometer	v_0	v_1	v_2	v_3	v_4	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14	train	used_time	city	brand_amount	brand_price_max	brand_price_median	brand_price_min	brand_price_sum	brand_price_std	brand_price_average	...	bodyType_0.0	bodyType_1.0	bodyType_2.0	fuelType_0.0	gearbox_0.0	gearbox_1.0	notRepairedDamage_-	notRepairedDamage_0.0	power_bin_5.0	power_bin_6.0	power_bin_16.0	power_bin_19.0
0	0	736	0.415091	0.827586	43.357796	3.966344	0.050257	2.159744	1.143786	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762	1	4385.0	1	0.324125	0.340786	0.032075	0.002064	0.209684	0.207660	0.081655	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
1	1	2262	0.000000	1.000000	45.305273	5.236112	0.137925	1.380657	-1.422165	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522	1	4757.0	4	0.434341	0.835230	0.205623	0.004128	0.713985	0.437002	0.257305	...	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
2	2	14874	0.514954	0.827586	45.978359	4.823792	1.319524	-0.998467	-0.996911	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963	1	4382.0	2	0.046117	0.433578	0.284906	0.091847	0.082533	0.252362	0.281834	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0
3	3	71865	0.531917	1.000000	45.687478	4.492574	-0.050616	0.883600	-2.228079	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699	1	7125.0	0	0.445099	0.926889	0.160377	0.004128	0.650591	0.398447	0.225212	...	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1
4	4	111080	0.427535	0.310345	44.383511	2.031433	0.572169	-1.571239	2.246088	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482	1	1531.0	6	0.148090	0.294545	0.050943	0.009288	0.088524	0.144579	0.073020	...	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0

5 rows × 369 columns

# 画出来，可以看到边际效益
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_sequential_feature_selection as plot_sfs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig1 = plot_sfs(sfs.get_metric_dict(), kind='std_dev')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

F:\dev\anaconda\envs\python35\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\_methods.py:217: RuntimeWarning: Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice
  keepdims=keepdims)
F:\dev\anaconda\envs\python35\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\_methods.py:209: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in double_scalars
  ret = ret.dtype.type(ret / rcount)

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qIL7Nv8w-1585390656204)(output_60_1.png)]

pd.DataFrame.from_dict(sfs.get_metric_dict()).T

F:\dev\anaconda\envs\python35\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\_methods.py:217: RuntimeWarning: Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice
  keepdims=keepdims)
F:\dev\anaconda\envs\python35\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\_methods.py:209: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in double_scalars
  ret = ret.dtype.type(ret / rcount)

	feature_idx	cv_scores	avg_score	feature_names	ci_bound	std_err
1	(9,)	[0.5580593794194673]	0.558059	(v_3,)	NaN	NaN
2	(9, 30)	[0.6253563249806938]	0.625356	(v_3, brand_price_average)	NaN	NaN
3	(3, 9, 30)	[0.6614119003709955]	0.661412	(kilometer, v_3, brand_price_average)	NaN	NaN
4	(3, 9, 30, 335)	[0.6712706106724942]	0.671271	(kilometer, v_3, brand_price_average, gearbox_...	NaN	NaN
5	(3, 9, 30, 198, 335)	[0.6801326459700268]	0.680133	(kilometer, v_3, brand_price_average, model_16...	NaN	NaN
6	(3, 9, 22, 30, 198, 335)	[0.686927264547389]	0.686927	(kilometer, v_3, used_time, brand_price_averag...	NaN	NaN
7	(3, 9, 19, 22, 30, 198, 335)	[0.6941981569972937]	0.694198	(kilometer, v_3, v_13, used_time, brand_price_...	NaN	NaN
8	(3, 9, 10, 19, 22, 30, 198, 335)	[0.6990798224753535]	0.69908	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_13, used_time, brand_p...	NaN	NaN
9	(3, 9, 10, 19, 22, 30, 198, 335, 363)	[0.7036045618841336]	0.703605	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_13, used_time, brand_p...	NaN	NaN
10	(3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 22, 30, 198, 335, 363)	[0.7073329162983002]	0.707333	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_13, v_14, used_time, b...	NaN	NaN
11	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 198, 335, 363)	[0.7116225332630737]	0.711623	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
12	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 198, 295, 335, ...	[0.7152839215589477]	0.715284	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
13	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 198, 295, 335, ...	[0.7183533830790547]	0.718353	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
14	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 144, 198, 295, ...	[0.7210323407042653]	0.721032	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
15	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 144, 198, 2...	[0.7235732490774848]	0.723573	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
16	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 144, 198, 2...	[0.726091372443646]	0.726091	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
17	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 136, 144, 1...	[0.7286164680329102]	0.728616	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
18	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 136, 144, 1...	[0.7309480347784469]	0.730948	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
19	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 136, 144, 1...	[0.7332378240942985]	0.733238	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN
20	(3, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 30, 75, 136, 144, 1...	[0.7352137419490058]	0.735214	(kilometer, v_3, v_4, v_6, v_13, v_14, used_ti...	NaN	NaN

3) 嵌入式

# 下一章介绍，Lasso 回归和决策树可以完成嵌入式特征选择
# 大部分情况下都是用嵌入式做特征筛选

3.4 经验总结

特征工程是比赛中最至关重要的的一块，特别的传统的比赛，大家的模型可能都差不多，调参带来的效果增幅是非常有限的，但特征工程的好坏往往会决定了最终的排名和成绩。

特征工程的主要目的还是在于将数据转换为能更好地表示潜在问题的特征，从而提高机器学习的性能。比如，异常值处理是为了去除噪声，填补缺失值可以加入先验知识等。

特征构造也属于特征工程的一部分，其目的是为了增强数据的表达。

有些比赛的特征是匿名特征，这导致我们并不清楚特征相互直接的关联性，这时我们就只有单纯基于特征进行处理，比如装箱，groupby，agg 等这样一些操作进行一些特征统计，此外还可以对特征进行进一步的 log，exp 等变换，或者对多个特征进行四则运算（如上面我们算出的使用时长），多项式组合等然后进行筛选。由于特性的匿名性其实限制了很多对于特征的处理，当然有些时候用 NN 去提取一些特征也会达到意想不到的良好效果。

对于知道特征含义（非匿名）的特征工程，特别是在工业类型比赛中，会基于信号处理，频域提取，丰度，偏度等构建更为有实际意义的特征，这就是结合背景的特征构建，在推荐系统中也是这样的，各种类型点击率统计，各时段统计，加用户属性的统计等等，这样一种特征构建往往要深入分析背后的业务逻辑或者说物理原理，从而才能更好的找到 magic。

当然特征工程其实是和模型结合在一起的，这就是为什么要为 LR NN 做分桶和特征归一化的原因，而对于特征的处理效果和特征重要性等往往要通过模型来验证。

总的来说，特征工程是一个入门简单，但想精通非常难的一件事。

Task 3-特征工程 END.

— By: 阿泽

PS：复旦大学计算机研究生
知乎：阿泽 https://www.zhihu.com/people/is-aze（主要面向初学者的知识整理）

关于Datawhale：

Datawhale是一个专注于数据科学与AI领域的开源组织，汇集了众多领域院校和知名企业的优秀学习者，聚合了一群有开源精神和探索精神的团队成员。Datawhale 以“for the learner，和学习者一起成长”为愿景，鼓励真实地展现自我、开放包容、互信互助、敢于试错和勇于担当。同时 Datawhale 用开源的理念去探索开源内容、开源学习和开源方案，赋能人才培养，助力人才成长，建立起人与人，人与知识，人与企业和人与未来的联结。

本次数据挖掘路径学习，专题知识将在天池分享，详情可关注Datawhale：

学习笔记

特征工程就是把数据转化成能够更好的表示潜在问题的特征，特征工程决定了你预测的上限。
数据理解：定性的数据和定量的数据了解数据性质方便进行进行数据的的处理
数据清洗（提高数据质量）：我们进行了缺失值跟异常值的处理对于长尾分布的一些特征可以用截断法来代替直接删除异常值，然后如果要用线性的模型的话我们还要对数据进行标准化归一化
特征构造（为了增强数据表达，添加先验知识）：在这里我们构造了时间差的特征，但我们发现这里面会存在一些Nat的值，我的处理之给他们赋予了新构造出来的时间差这列数据的平均值来填补这些缺失值，同时我们对power进行了数据分桶添加了power_pin这个新特征。同时关于为何kilometer推测是已经进行过数据分桶我们可以通过观察原数据很明显的可以看到kilometer只有有限的几类
，对于地理信息我们因为有先验知识所以我们取出我们去除后三位留下城市信息，但又由于可能会处理后存在空值，我们用0来replace组成新的一类。通过one_hot来进行了一些非线性变化，好处写在上面了。
特征选择：
过滤式-Filter（通过特征与price之间的相关性筛选出一些特征）
包裹式-Wrapper（用贪心法来找出比较优的一组特征）
嵌入式-Embedding（学习器自动选择特征）
个人感觉对于这个题来说特征没有特别多没太有必要进行特征选择
还有要记的对一些不符合正态分布的数据进行一下取Log的处理，使其尽量的来接近正态分布

韩绘锦

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Datawhale 零基础入门数据挖掘-Task3 特征工程

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