C++常用的知识点汇总

字符

单个字符

//定义和初始化分开
char c1;
c1 = 'k';
cout << c1<<endl;

//定义的同时进行初始化
char c2 = 'j';
cout << c2<<endl;

字符数组

//字符数组定义和初始化必须在一起(一行),否则会报错;

char c3[10]="hello";
cout << c3 << endl;

char c4[10];
// c4[10] = "hello"; //错误,不能将 "const char *" 类型的值分配到 "char *" 类型的实体
//char c4[5] = "hello"; //错误,字符串的长度超过字符变量的长度
 

char c5[] = "good morning sir!"; //不指定字符变量长度
cout << c5<<endl; 

//char c6[]; //错误,不允许使用不完整的类型 
//c6[] = "good morning sir!"; // 应输入表达式 
 
//const char c[6];
//c[6] = "hello"; 

const char c7[6] = "hello";
const char c8[] = "hello"; 

字符指针

字符指针初始化

 char* c5;

 //c5 = "hello, keson!"; //错误,不能将 "const char *" 类型的值分配到 "char *" 类型的实体

 //char* c6 = "hello, keson!";//错误,不能将 "const char *" 类型的值分配到 "char *" 类型的实体 


 const char* c7;


 c7 = "hello, keson!";

 cout << "c7: " << c7 << endl;

 
 const char* c8  = "hello, keson!";

 cout << "c8: " << c8 << endl;

cout << *(c8 + 1); //访问第二个字符

string 转char[int]或char*


  string s1 = "hello,keson";

  char ch[20]; 

  //char ch[]; //错误,要声明数组长度

 

  strcpy_s(ch, s1.c_str());

  cout << ch << endl;

 

  string s2 = "hello,kai";

  const char * c1 = s2.c_str();

  const char* c2 = s2.data();

 

  /* 必须是const char *,否则会报错

   char* c1 = s2.c_str();

   char* c2 = s2.data();

  */ 

 

  cout << c1 << endl;

 cout << c2<<endl;

//char[int]或char* 转string

 string s1;

  const char* c = "c: hello,keson";

  s1 = c;

  cout << s1 << endl;

 

  const char c2[20] = "c2: hello,kai";

  const char c3[] = "c3: hello,kai";

  cout << c2 << endl;

  cout << c3 << endl;

 

  char c4[20] = "c4: hello,kai";

  char c5[] = "c5: hello,kai";

  cout << c4 << endl;

 cout << c5 << endl;

结构体

结构体声明

//下面的代码是声明结构体,不是定义

struct student {

 string name;

 int age;

 int score;

};

结构体数组定义及初始化

定义结构体的同时,才能集体初始化:

  student stu[2] = {

  {"keson",28},

  {"keson2",17}

 };

  cout << "初始化结构体数组: " << endl;

 cout << stu[0].name << endl;

 cout << stu[0].age << endl;

 cout << stu[1].name << endl;

 cout << stu[1].age << endl<<endl; 

 

如果声明和初始化不在一起,就会报错,错误代码如下

  student stu[2] ;

stu[2] = {

  {"keson",28},

  {"keson2",17}

 };

指向结构体变量的指针

 student stu2{ "keson",28 };

 student* p = &stu2;

 cout <<"结构体变量: " << p->age << endl;

指向结构体数组的指针

 Student stu[2];

student* p_arry = stu;

 cout<< "结构体数组1: " << (p_arry)->age<<endl;

 cout << "结构体数组2: " << (p_arry+1)->age << endl;

共用体

共用体声明

union person

{

 const char * name;

 /*const char * name;*/

 int age;

};

共用体初始化

union person p 错误,这里指针变量不能是p,因为上面已经用定义过p了

 union person person1; 

 person1.name = "张三丰";

 cout << "person1.name: " << person1.name<<endl;

 

 person1.age = 99;

 cout << "person1.age: "<< person1.age<<endl;

 

 //再次输出person1.name为空,因为已经被person1.age覆盖;

 cout << "person1.name: " << person1.name << endl;

数组反转

int a[5] = { 0,1,2,3,4 };

 

  int end = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])-1;

  int arr_len = end;

 

  for (int i = 0; i < arr_len; i++) {

​    cout << a[i] << endl;

  }

  int temp,start=0;

  while (int(end/2)) {

​    temp = a[start];

​    a[start] = a[end];

​    a[end] = temp;

​    start++;

​    end--;

  }

  for (int i = 0; i < arr_len; i++) {

​    cout << a[i]<<endl;

 }

枚举

 enum week //声明枚举变量

  {

​    mon, tue, wen, thur, fri, sta, sun

  };

 

  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {

​    cout << week(i);

  }  //打印结果:0123456

 

  week week1; //定义枚举变量

  week1 = week(0); //初始化枚举变量

 

  switch (week(0))

  {

  case mon:

​    cout << "星期一";

​    break;

  case tue:

​    cout << "星期二";

​    break;

  case wen:

​    break;

  case thur:

​    break;

  case fri:

​    break;

  case sta:

​    break;

  case sun:

​    break;

  default:

​    break;

 }

函数

"head.h"文件代码

using namespace std; 

 

#include "iostream"

#include "string"

int int_max(int a, int b);

int max(int a, int b);

void print_fun(int (*pf)(int, int));

void revese(int a[],int size);

void display(const string s[], int n);

结构体

struct student {

  string name;

  int age;

  int score;

};

void fun_student(student stu1, student stu2); //结构声明应该在函数声明之前,不然会报错

//main.cpp 程序

#include “head.h”

int main() {

函数指针

本质是一个指针变量,指向函数

  int (*pf)(int, int);

  pf = max;

  print_fun(pf);  //函数指针作为形参

结构体指针

  student stu1 = { "zhangsan",10,80 };

  student stu2 = { "Lisi",10,90 };

  fun_student(stu1, stu2);

数组指针

3  int arry[] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };

  revese(arry, (int)sizeof(arry) / sizeof(arry[0]));

 

字符串数组指针

 const int num = 3;

  string s[num] = { "hello","keson" ,"goodJob" };

  display(s, num);

}

 

传递函数指针

void print_fun(int (*pf)(int, int)) {

  cout << "函数指针作为形参: ";

  cout << "两数的大值是: " << pf(4, 9) << endl;

}

 

int max(int a, int b) {

  return a > b ? a : b;

}
//传递数组/函数重载/数组反转

void revese(int a[], int lenth) {

  cout << "数组作为形参,并实现数组元素反转: ";

  int start = 0, end = lenth - 1, temp;

  while (start < end) {

​    temp = a[start];

​    a[start] = a[end];

​    a[end] = temp;

​    start++;

​    end--;

  }

 

  for (int i = 0; i < lenth; i++) {

​    cout << a[i] << " ";

  }

  cout << endl;

}

 

//结构作为函数参数

void fun_student(student stu1, student stu2) {

  cout << "结构体作为形参: ";

  student stu;

  stu.name = "wangwu";

  stu.age = stu1.age + stu2.age;

  stu.score = stu1.score + stu2.score;

  cout << stu.name << " " << stu.age << " " << stu.score << endl;

}

 

//字符串数组

void display(const string s[], int n) {

  cout << "字符串数组作为形参: " ;

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

​    cout << s[i] << " ";

  }

}

指针函数

本质就是函数,返回的结果是指针

int* pf_sum(int a, int b) {

  int* p;

  static int sum = a + b; //必须在前面添加一个static,因为局部变量是在栈内创建,调用结束后,就释放;

  p = &sum;

  return p;

 

}

const 用法解析

const int a = 1, b = 2,c=3;  //const 修饰的是int

  // a =9  //错误 , a 的值被const修饰,不允许被改变了

  const int arr[] = {1,2,3}; 

  // arr[0] = 9;  //错误 , arr的值被const修饰,不允许被改变了

 

  //做定值,右定向(const在*左边,指向的值不能改变;const在*右边,指向的变量不能改变)

  const int* p;

  p = &a;

  cout << *p << endl;

  p = &b;

  cout << *p<<endl;

  // *p = 20; //错误,const在*的左边,不能改变值;

 

 

  int const* p1 = &a; //等价---> const int* p 

  cout << *p1 << endl;

  //*p1 = 20; /错误,const在*的左边,不能改变值;

 

  //int * const p2 = c; //错误,"int" 类型的值不能用于初始化 "int *const" 类型的实体,

  //报错的原因是c已经声明为const int,而const int 值是不能改变的.但是int * const只是

  //不允许指向改变,但是允许指向的值改变,两者存在冲突;

 

  int d = 6,f=7;

  int* const p3 = &d;

  cout << "初始值 d= " << *p3<<endl;

  *p3 = 100;

  cout << "改变后 d= " << *p3 << endl;

  //p3 = &f; //错误,p3已经指向了变量d,不允许再指向其他变量了

 

  const int* const p4 = &f; //值和指向都不允许改变;

  cout << "*p4: " << *p4;

  //*p4 = 5; //错误,值不允许改变

  //p4 = &d; //错误,指向不允许改变

函数模板

using namespace std;

 

#include "iostream"

#include "string"

template <class T>

 

void Swap(T x, T y) {

  T temp;

  temp = x;

  x = y;

  y = temp;

}

 

int main() {

  //无论x,y的值是整型还是浮点型,还是字符型通用

  //int x = 1, y = 99;

  //float x = 1, y = 99;

  char x='a',y='b';

  cout << "原始值: " << x << " " << y << endl;

  Swap(&x, &y);

  cout << "交换后: " << x << " " << y << endl;

}

//#include “head.h”

using namespace std;

 

#include "iostream"

#include "string"

 

class annimal {

public:

  void sit();

  void sound();

  annimal();  //无参构造

  annimal(string name, int age); //有参构造

  ~annimal();

private:

  string name;

  int age;

};

 

annimal::annimal() {

  name = "狗";

  age = 1;

  cout << "无参构造----->name: " << name << " age: " << age << endl;

}

 

annimal::annimal(string name, int age) {

  this->name = name;

  this->age = age;

  cout << "有参构造----->name: " << name << " age: " << age << endl;

}

annimal::~annimal() {

  cout << "调用析构函数" << endl;

}

 

void annimal::sit() {

  cout << "小狗,坐下" << endl;

}

void annimal::sound() {

  cout << "小狗,旺旺叫" << endl;

}

 

class dog : public annimal {

public:

  dog();

  dog(string color);

private:

  string color;

};

 

dog::dog() {

  this->color ="black";

  cout << "颜色:" << this->color<<endl;

}

 

dog::dog(string color) {

  this->color = color;

  cout << "颜色:" << this->color << endl;

}

int main() {

  annimal a("大黄", 5);

  dog d("红");

 

}

联系人的增删改查

head.h

#pragma once

#include "iostream"

#include "string"

using namespace std;
#define max_size 20

 

//声明联系人结构体

struct Person

{

  string name;

  int age;

  string phone_num;

};

 

//声明通讯录结构体

struct address_book

{

  //通讯录联系人数组名称

  struct Person person[max_size];

 

  //通讯录当前记录的人员个数

  int person_num;

};

 

//函数声明

void show();

void addperson(address_book* book);

void showperson(address_book* book);

int is_exist(address_book* book, string name);

void delete_person(address_book* book);

void query_person(address_book* book);

void change_person(address_book* book);

void clear_people(address_book* book);

void clear_people(address_book* book);

fun.cpp

#include"head.h"

 

//菜单界面

void show() {

  cout << "************************" << endl;

  cout << "***** 1.添加联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 2.显示联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 3.删除联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 4.查找联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 5.修改联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 6.清空联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "***** 0.退出联系人 *****" << endl;

  cout << "************************" << endl;

}

 

 

//添加联系人

void addperson(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  book->person_num++;

 

  if (book->person_num > max_size) {

​    cout << "通讯录已经满了,无法添加";

  }

  else {

​    string name;

​    cout << "请输入姓名:" << endl;

​    cin >> name;

​    book->person[book->person_num].name = name;

 

​    int age;

​    cout << "请输入年龄:" << endl;

​    cin >> age;

​    book->person[book->person_num].age = age;

 

​    string phone_num;

​    cout << "请输入电话:" << endl;

​    cin >> phone_num;

​    book->person[book->person_num].phone_num = phone_num;

​    cout << "已经添加联系人" << endl;

  }

 

  system("pause");

}

 

//显示联系人

void showperson(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  cout << "查询到的通讯录列表为: " << endl;

  for (int i = 0; i <= book->person_num; i++) {

​    cout << "姓名:" << book->person[i].name << "\t" << "年龄:" << book->person[i].age

​      << "\t" << "电话号码:" << book->person[i].phone_num << endl;

  }

  cout << endl;

  system("pause");

}

 

//检测联系人是否存在,存在返回索引,否则返回-1

int is_exist(address_book* book, string name) {

  for (int i = 0; i <= book->person_num; i++)

  {

​    if (book->person[i].name == name) {

​      return i;

​    }

  }

  return -1;

}

 

//删除联系人

void delete_person(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  string delete_name;

  cout << "请输入要删除的名字: " << endl;

  cin >> delete_name;

  int int_exist = is_exist(book, delete_name);

  if (int_exist != -1) {

​    for (int i = int_exist; i < book->person_num; i++)

​    {

​      book->person[i] = book->person[i + 1];

​    }

​    book->person_num--;

​    cout << "删除成功" << endl;

​    system("pause");

 

  }

  else

  {

​    cout << "查无此人" << endl;

​    system("pause");

  }

 

}

 

//查找联系人

void query_person(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  string query_name;

  cout << "请输入你要查找的联系人: " << endl;

  cin >> query_name;

  int int_exist = is_exist(book, query_name);

  if (int_exist != -1)

  {

​    cout << "查询到联系人:" << endl;

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].name << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].age << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].phone_num << "\t" << endl;

  }

  else

  {

​    cout << "查无此人" << endl;

  }

  system("pause");

}

 

void change_person(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  string change_name;

  cout << "请输入你要修改的联系人: ";

 

  cin >> change_name;

  int int_exist = is_exist(book, change_name);

  if (int_exist != -1)

  {

​    cout << "查找到该人信息:";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].name << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].age << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].phone_num << "\t" << endl;

 

​    cout << "您将要修改" << book->person[int_exist].name << "的信息!!!" << endl;

​    cout << "请输入修改后姓名:" << endl;

​    string name;

​    cin >> name;

​    book->person[int_exist].name = name;

 

​    cout << "请输入修改后年龄:" << endl;

​    int age;

​    cin >> age;

​    book->person[int_exist].age = age;

 

​    cout << "请输入修改后电话:" << endl;

​    string phone_num;

​    cin >> phone_num;

​    book->person[int_exist].phone_num = phone_num;

 

​    cout << "修改后的信息: " << endl;

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].name << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].age << "\t";

​    cout << book->person[int_exist].phone_num << "\t" << endl;

  }

  else

  {

​    cout << "查无此人" << endl;

  }

  system("pause");

}

 

//清除联系人

void clear_people(address_book* book) {

  system("cls");

  cout << "你确认要清除所有联系人吗?"<<endl;

  cout << "请输入数字1或2:   "<<"1.是" << "\t" << "2.不是"<<endl;

  int input_num;

  cin >> input_num;

  if (input_num == 1) {

​    memset(book, 0, sizeof(book));

  }

  else if (input_num == 2)

  {

 

  }

  else {

 

  }

 

}

main.cpp

#include "head.h"

 

//显示通讯录

int main() {

 

  address_book book;

 

  book.person_num = 2;

  int select_id = 0;

  book.person[0].name = "张飞";

  book.person[0].age = 25;

  book.person[0].phone_num = "666";

  book.person[1] = { "赵云",56,"119" };

  book.person[2] = { "马超",40,"250" };

 

 

  while (true)

  {

​    show();

 

​    cout << "请选择你要选择的功能: ";

​    cin >> select_id;

​    switch (select_id)

​    {

​    case 1:

​      addperson(&book);

 

​      break;

​    case 2:

​      showperson(&book);

 

​      break;

​    case 3:

​    {  

​      delete_person(&book);

​      break; 

​    }

​    case 4:

​      query_person(&book);

​      break;

​    case 5:

​      change_person(&book);

​      break;

​    case 6:

​      clear_people(&book);

​      break;

​    case 0:

​      cout << "将要退出系统,欢迎下次使用" << endl;

​      system("pause");

 

​      break;

​    default:

​      cout << "输入数字不正确 ! 请输入数字0-6" << endl;

​      system("pause");

​      break;

​    }

​    if (select_id == 0) {

​      break;

​    }

 

  }

}

堆区开拓内存

整型

 int* p = new int(23);//开辟一块内存,返回指针;

  cout << p << endl;

  cout << *p<<endl;

  cout << &a << endl;

  static int b;

  cout << &b << endl;

  delete p;

 

  //数组

  int* p1 = new int[10];

  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

  {

​    p1[i] = i * i;

​    cout << p1[i] << endl;

  }

 delete[] p1;

引用

  int a = 10;

  int& b = a; //引用必须初始化;引用一旦初始化后,就不可以更改了

  b = 20;

  cout << "a = " << a << endl;

 cout << "b = " << b << endl;
 

函数参数传递

值传递

template <class T>

void Swap1(T x, T y) {

  T temp;

  temp = x;

  x = y;

  y = temp;

}

 

int main() {

 

  int a = 1, b = 2;

  Swap1(a, b); //值传递

  cout << "a = " << a << "  b = " << b << endl;

 

}

地址传递

void Swap2(T *x, T *y) {

  T temp;

  temp = *x;

  *x = *y;

  *y = temp;

}

 

 

int main() {

 

  float x = 1.1, y = 2.2;

  Swap2(&x, &y); //值传递

  cout << "x = " << x << "  y = " << y << endl;

}

引用传递

void Swap1(T &x, T &y) {

  T temp;

  temp = x;

  x = y;

  y = temp;

}

 

int main() {

 

  int a = 1, b = 2;

  Swap1(a, b); //值传递

  cout << "a = " << a << "  b = " << b << endl;

 

}

引用作为函数返回值

  //1.不要返回局部变量

  //2.函数调用可以为左值 

 

T &Swap1(T &x, T &y) {

  return x > y ? x : y;

}

 

int main() {

 

  int a = 1, b = 9;

  int &ref =Swap1(a, b); //值传递

  cout << "ref: " <<ref<< endl;

  ref = Swap1(a, b); //值传递

  cout << "ref: " << ref << endl;

 

  Swap1(a, b) = 1000 ;

 cout << "b" << b;

引用的本质(指针常量)

 int a = 99;

  int& b = a;

  int* const p1 = &a;

  int* const p2= &b;

  cout << "a = "<<a << endl;

  cout << "b = "<<b << endl;

  cout << "*p1 = " << *p1<< endl;

 cout << "*p2 = " << *p2 << endl;

常量引用:用来修饰形参,防止误操作

void show_value(const int &v) {

  //v = 30;  //错误.不能修改该值;

  cout << "v = " << v << endl;

 

 

int main() {

  

  //int& a = 10; //错误

 

  const int& a = 10; //创建一个临时空间来提供引用

  cout << "a = " <<a<< endl;

 

  int b = 20;

  cout << "b = " << b << endl;

  show_value(b);

}

静态成员变量

class Student {

public:

  //1.所有对象共享一份数据

  //2.编译阶段就分配内存

  //3.类内声明,类外初始化操作

  static int age;

 

private:

   int score;

};

int Student::age = 100;

int Student::age = 99;

 

int main() {

  Student stu,stu1;

  stu.age = 200;

  cout << stu.age << endl;

  cout << stu1.age << endl; //值变成200,并不是100;

 

  cout << Student::age << endl; //可以通过类名直接访问;

 

  // stu.score = 33; //私有变量不能访问

}

静态成员函数

class Student {

public:

  //1.所有对象共享一份数据

  //2.编译阶段就分配内存

  //3.静态成员函数只能调用静态成员变量

  //4.静态成员函数也有访问权限

  static void fun() {

​    cout << "调用静态成员函数"<<endl;

​    age = 300;

​    // name = "keson"; //错误,不能访问非静态成员变量

  }

  static int age;

  string name;

};

int Student::age = 100;

 

int main() {

  Student stu,stu1;

  //1.通过对象访问

  stu.fun();

 

  //2.通过类名访问

  Student::fun();

}

各类对象占用内存空间

class Student {

 

};

 

class Student1 {

public:

  int a;

  void fun();

};

 

class Student2 {

  static int a;

};

void Student1::fun() {

  

}

int main() {

  //1.空对象

  Student stu;

  cout << sizeof(stu) << endl;; //空对象占用1个字节;

 

  //2.非静态成员变量

  Student1 stu1;

  cout << sizeof(stu1) << endl; //对象占用4个字节,函数也不包括;

 

  //3.静态成员变量

  Student2 stu2;

  cout << sizeof(stu2) << endl; //空对象占用1个字节;

}

多态原理

#include "head.h"

//使用条件:

//子类继承父类;

//子类重写父类虚函数;

//父类指针或者引用指向子类对象.

class Student {

public:

  int a = 100, b = 99;

};

 

class animal {

public:

  virtual void speak() {

​    cout << "动物在睡觉" << endl;

  }

};

 

class cat :public animal {

public:

  void speak() {

​    cout << "小猫在睡觉" << endl;

  }

};

 

class dog :public animal {

public:

  void speak() {

​    cout << "小狗在睡觉" << endl;

  }

};

 

void dospeak(animal &animal) { //animal & animal = cat; //父类指针或者引用指向子类对象

  animal.speak();

}

int main() {

  Student stu;

  cat cat1;

  dospeak(cat1); //小猫在睡觉

 

  dog dog1;

  dospeak(dog1);// 小狗在睡觉

  cout << "sizeof anmial: " << sizeof(animal) << endl;

 

  animal animal1;

  dospeak(animal1);// 动物在睡觉

}

多态实例

#include "head.h"

 

//计算器抽象父类

class father {

public:

  int num1, num2;

  virtual int getresult() {

​    return 0;

  }

};

 

//加法计算器类

class Addcalculate :public father {

public:

  int getresult() {

​    return num1 + num2;

  }

};

 

//减法计算器类

class Subcalculate :public father {

public:

  int getresult() {

​    return num1 - num2;

  }

};

 

//乘法计算器类

class Multicalculate :public father {

public:

  int getresult() {

​    return num1 * num2;

  }

};

 

 

int main() {

  father* p = new Addcalculate; //父类指针指向子类

  p->num1 = 100;

  p->num2 = 11;

  cout << p->num1 << "+" << p->num2 << "=" << p->getresult() << endl;

  delete p;

 

  // father* p = new Subcalculate; //错误,指向父类的指针还在,delete销毁的是指针指向的对象

  p = new Subcalculate;

  p->num1 = 100;

  p->num2 = 11;

  cout << p->num1 << "-" << p->num2 << "=" << p->getresult() << endl;

  delete p;

 

  p = new Multicalculate;

  p->num1 = 100;

  p->num2 = 11;

  cout << p->num1 << "*" << p->num2 << "=" << p->getresult() << endl;

  delete p;

}

纯虚函数

//抽象类: 只有一个纯虚函数

//1.抽象类不允许实例化对象(包括堆上和栈上)

//2.子类必须重写纯虚函数

class father {

public:

  virtual void fun() = 0;

};

 

class son:public father

{

public:

  void fun() {

​    cout << "调用子类虚函数" << endl;

  }

 

};

 

int main() {

  //father p; //错误,抽象类不允许实例化对象(包括堆上和栈上)

  //son son1; //错误,子类抽象类不允许实例化对象(包括堆上和栈上) 

  father* p = new son; //父类指针或者引用指向子类;

  p->fun();

}
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