【高数】变上限积分的等价无穷小替换
被积函数等价无穷小替换
- 若
x
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0
x\rightarrow 0
x→0 时
φ
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x
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,
f
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x
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,
g
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x
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\varphi(x),f(x),g(x)
φ(x),f(x),g(x) 均为无穷小
且 x → 0 x\rightarrow 0 x→0 时 f ( x ) ∼ g ( x ) f(x)\sim g(x) f(x)∼g(x)
且 φ ′ ( x ) \varphi^\prime(x) φ′(x) 存在且不为零
则当 x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0 时:
∫ 0 φ ( x ) f ( t ) d t ∼ ∫ 0 φ ( x ) g ( t ) d t \int_0^{\varphi(x)}f(t)dt\sim \int_0^{\varphi(x)}g(t)dt ∫0φ(x)f(t)dt∼∫0φ(x)g(t)dt - 证明部分:
证明两个部分的极限为 1 1 1 即可,使用洛必达即可证明。
x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0 时(下式省略 lim x → 0 \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} limx→0),有:
∫ 0 φ ( x ) f ( t ) d t ∫ 0 φ ( x ) g ( t ) d t = L ′ φ ′ ( x ) f ( φ ( x ) ) φ ′ ( x ) g ( φ ( x ) ) = f ( φ ( x ) ) g ( φ ( x ) ) = t = φ ( x ) f ( t ) g ( t ) = 1 \begin{aligned} \frac{\int_0^{\varphi(x)}f(t)dt}{\int_0^{\varphi(x)}g(t)dt} &\overset{L'}{=} \frac{\varphi^\prime(x)f(\varphi(x))}{\varphi^\prime(x)g(\varphi(x))}\\ &=\frac{f(\varphi(x))}{g(\varphi(x))}\\ &\overset{t=\varphi(x)}{=}\frac{f(t)}{g(t)}\\ &=1 \end{aligned} ∫0φ(x)g(t)dt∫0φ(x)f(t)dt=L′φ′(x)g(φ(x))φ′(x)f(φ(x))=g(φ(x))f(φ(x))=t=φ(x)g(t)f(t)=1
积分上限等价无穷小替换
- 若
x
→
0
x\rightarrow0
x→0 时
f
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x
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φ
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x
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,
ψ
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x
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f(x),\varphi(x),\psi(x)
f(x),φ(x),ψ(x) 都是无穷小
且 x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0 时, φ ( x ) ∼ ψ ( x ) \varphi(x)\sim\psi(x) φ(x)∼ψ(x)
且 lim x → 0 φ ′ ( x ) ψ ′ ( x ) \lim_{x\rightarrow0}\frac{\varphi^\prime(x)}{\psi^\prime(x)} limx→0ψ′(x)φ′(x) 存在
且 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 有连续导数,且 f ′ ( 0 ) ≠ 0 f'(0)\ne0 f′(0)=0
且 φ ( x ) , ψ ( x ) \varphi(x),\psi(x) φ(x),ψ(x)在 x = 0 x=0 x=0的某去心领域内可导,且 ψ ′ ( 0 ) ≠ 0 \psi'(0)\ne0 ψ′(0)=0
那么当 x → 0 x\rightarrow 0 x→0 时,有:
∫ 0 φ ( x ) f ( t ) d t ∼ ∫ 0 ψ ( x ) f ( t ) d t \int_0^{\varphi(x)}f(t)dt \sim \int_0^{\psi(x)}f(t)dt ∫0φ(x)f(t)dt∼∫0ψ(x)f(t)dt - 证明部分
x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0 时(下式省略 lim x → 0 \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} limx→0),有:
∫ 0 φ ( x ) f ( t ) d t ∫ 0 ψ ( x ) f ( t ) d t = L ′ φ ′ ( x ) f ( φ ( x ) ) ψ ′ ( x ) f ( ψ ( x ) ) = ( 1 ) f ( φ ( x ) ) f ( ψ ( x ) ) = f ( φ ( x ) ) − f ( 0 ) f ( ψ ( x ) ) − f ( 0 ) = ( 2 ) φ ( x ) f ′ ( ξ 1 ) ψ ( x ) f ′ ( ξ 2 ) = ( 3 ) f ′ ( 0 ) f ′ ( 0 ) = 1 Q E D \begin{aligned} \frac{\int_0^{\varphi(x)}f(t)dt}{\int_0^{\psi(x)}f(t)dt} &\overset{L'}{=}\frac{\varphi^\prime(x)f(\varphi(x))}{\psi^\prime(x)f(\psi(x))}\\ &\overset{(1)}{=}\frac{f(\varphi(x))}{f(\psi(x))}\\ &=\frac{f(\varphi(x))-f(0)}{f(\psi(x))-f(0)}\\ &\overset{(2)}{=}\frac{\varphi(x)f^\prime(\xi_1)}{\psi(x)f^\prime(\xi_2)}\\ &\overset{(3)}{=}\frac{f^\prime(0)}{f^\prime(0)}\\ &=1 \qquad QED \end{aligned} ∫0ψ(x)f(t)dt∫0φ(x)f(t)dt=L′ψ′(x)f(ψ(x))φ′(x)f(φ(x))=(1)f(ψ(x))f(φ(x))=f(ψ(x))−f(0)f(φ(x))−f(0)=(2)ψ(x)f′(ξ2)φ(x)f′(ξ1)=(3)f′(0)f′(0)=1QED - (1) 部分:
lim x → 0 φ ( x ) ψ ( x ) = 1 \lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\varphi(x)}{\psi(x)}=1 x→0limψ(x)φ(x)=1
是已知的等价无穷小,由于都有一阶导数,上下洛必达,极限不变,得到
lim x → 0 φ ′ ( x ) ψ ′ ( x ) = 1 \lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\varphi^\prime(x)}{\psi^\prime(x)}=1 x→0limψ′(x)φ′(x)=1 - (2) 部分:
中值定理:
f ( b ) − f ( a ) = f ′ ( ξ ) ( b − a ) ξ ∈ ( a , b ) f(b)-f(a)=f^\prime(\xi)(b-a)\qquad\xi\in(a,b) f(b)−f(a)=f′(ξ)(b−a)ξ∈(a,b) - (3) 部分:
由于 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 有连续导数
且 ξ ∈ ( 0 , φ ( x ) ) \xi\in(0,\varphi(x)) ξ∈(0,φ(x))
得到
x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0时, φ ( x ) → 0 \varphi(x)\rightarrow0 φ(x)→0,即 ξ → 0 \xi\rightarrow0 ξ→0
且 f ′ ( 0 ) ≠ 0 f'(0)\ne0 f′(0)=0, x → 0 时 f ′ ( x ) x\rightarrow0时f'(x) x→0时f′(x)连续,所以 x → 0 x\rightarrow0 x→0 时, f ′ ( ξ ) = f ′ ( 0 ) f'(\xi)=f'(0) f′(ξ)=f′(0)
对于 ψ ( x ) \psi(x) ψ(x) 过程类似。
例题
- 一个随便手搓的例题
lim x → 0 ∫ 0 l n ( 1 + sin x ) sin 6 t d t x 7 = lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x sin 6 t d t x 7 等价无穷小替换积分上限 = lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x t 6 d t x 7 等价无穷小替换被积函数 = lim x → 0 x 7 / 7 x 7 = 1 / 7 \begin{aligned} &\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_0^{ln(1+\sin x)}\sin^6t\ dt}{x^7}\\\ \\ &=\lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_0^x \sin^6t\ dt}{x^7}\qquad 等价无穷小替换积分上限\\\ \\ &=\lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_0^x t^6\ dt}{x^7}\qquad 等价无穷小替换被积函数\\\ \\ &=\lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{x^7/7}{x^7}\\\ \\ &=1/7 \end{aligned} x→0limx7∫0ln(1+sinx)sin6t dt=x→0limx7∫0xsin6t dt等价无穷小替换积分上限=x→0limx7∫0xt6 dt等价无穷小替换被积函数=x→0limx7x7/7=1/7 - 注:可以直接使用洛必达的法则验证正确性,虽麻烦点但是可以是实现的。
例题二
- 已知
f
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x
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f(x)
f(x) 连续且
f
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0
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≠
0
f(0)\ne 0
f(0)=0,求:
lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x t f ( t ) d t x ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t \lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_0^xtf(t)dt}{x\int_0^xf(t)dt} x→0limx∫0xf(t)dt∫0xtf(t)dt
(高数辅导讲义 P114 例 6 的题目的一部分) - 解:
I = ( 1 ) lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x t f ( 0 ) d t x ∫ 0 x f ( 0 ) d t = lim x → 0 f ( 0 ) x 2 / 2 f ( 0 ) x 2 = 1 / 2 \begin{aligned} I&\overset{(1)}{=}\lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\int_0^x tf(0)dt}{x\int_0^xf(0)dt}\\\ \\ &=\lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{f(0)x^2/2}{f(0)x^2}\\\ \\ &=1/2 \end{aligned} I =(1)x→0limx∫0xf(0)dt∫0xtf(0)dt=x→0limf(0)x2f(0)x2/2=1/2 - (1)部分:
由于
lim x → 0 f ( x ) f ( 0 ) = 1 \lim_{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(x)}{f(0)}=1 x→0limf(0)f(x)=1
直接替换 f ( t ) ∼ f ( 0 ) f(t)\sim f(0) f(t)∼f(0) 即可。
参考
- 【变限积分中的等价无穷小替换】https://www.bilibili.com/video/av201524339/
- 【关于变上限积分的等价无穷小】https://www.docin.com/p-1127320669.html
- 【等价无穷大,变上限积分的等价无穷小】https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/364305037?ivk_sa=1024320u