1 定义
Σ i = m n a i = a m + a m + 1 + a m + 2 + . . . + a n − 1 + a n \Sigma_{i=m}^{n}a_i = a_m + a_{m+1} +a_{m+2} + ... + a_{n-1} + a_n Σi=mnai=am+am+1+am+2+...+an−1+an
2 定理
(a)
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\Sigma_{i=m}^{n}ca_i = c\Sigma_{i=m}^{n}a_i
Σi=mncai=cΣi=mnai
(b)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=m}^{n}(a_i + b_i) = \Sigma_{i=m}^{n}a_i + \Sigma_{i=m}^{n}b_i
Σi=mn(ai+bi)=Σi=mnai+Σi=mnbi
(c)
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\Sigma_{i=m}^{n}(a_i - b_i) = \Sigma_{i=m}^{n}a_i - \Sigma_{i=m}^{n}b_i
Σi=mn(ai−bi)=Σi=mnai−Σi=mnbi
- 证明(a)：
c a m + c a m + 1 + . . . + c a n = c ( a m + a m + 1 + . . + a n ) ca_m + ca_{m+1} + ... + ca_n = c(a_m + a_{m+1} + .. + a_n) cam+cam+1+...+can=c(am+am+1+..+an) - 证明(b)：
( a m + b m ) + ( a m + 1 + b m + 1 ) + . . . + ( a n + b n ) = ( a m + a m + 1 + . . . + a n ) + ( b m + b m + 1 + . . . + b n ) (a_m + b_m) + (a_{m+1} + b_{m+1}) + ... + (a_n + b_n) = (a_m + a_{m+1} + ... + a_n) + (b_m + b_{m+1} + ... + b_n) (am+bm)+(am+1+bm+1)+...+(an+bn)=(am+am+1+...+an)+(bm+bm+1+...+bn) - 求
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}1
Σi=1n1
Σ i = 1 n 1 = 1 + 1 + . . . + 1 ⏟ n = n \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}1 = \underbrace {1 + 1 + ... + 1}_n = n Σi=1n1=n 1+1+...+1=n - 求
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i
Σi=1ni
设 S = Σ i = 1 n i = 1 + 2 + . . . + n − 1 + n S = \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i = 1 + 2 + ... + n -1 + n S=Σi=1ni=1+2+...+n−1+n
倒序 S = n + n − 1 + . . . + 2 + 1 S = n + n - 1 + ... + 2 + 1 S=n+n−1+...+2+1
相加 2 S = ( n + 1 ) + ( n + 1 ) + . . . + ( n + 1 ) ⏟ n = n ( n + 1 ) 2S = \underbrace{(n+1) + (n+1) + ... + (n+1)}_{n} = n(n+1) 2S=n (n+1)+(n+1)+...+(n+1)=n(n+1)
因此 S = n ( n + 1 ) 2 S = \frac{n(n+1)}{2} S=2n(n+1) - 证明
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}
Σi=1ni2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
(a) 第一种解法：
Σ i = 1 n [ ( i + 1 ) 3 − i 3 ] = ( 2 3 − 1 3 ) + ( 3 3 − 2 3 ) + . . . + [ n 3 − ( n − 1 ) 3 ] + [ ( n + 1 ) 3 − n 3 ] = ( n + 1 ) 3 − 1 3 = n 3 + 3 n 2 + 3 n \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}[(i + 1)^3 - i^3] = (2^3 - 1^3) + (3^3 - 2^3) + ... + [n^3 - (n-1)^3] + [(n+1)^3 - n^3] = (n+1)^3 - 1^3 = n^3 + 3n^2 +3n Σi=1n[(i+1)3−i3]=(23−13)+(33−23)+...+[n3−(n−1)3]+[(n+1)3−n3]=(n+1)3−13=n3+3n2+3n
另一方面
Σ i = 1 n [ ( i + 1 ) 3 − i 3 ] = Σ i = 1 n [ 3 i 2 + 3 i + 1 ] = 3 S + 3 n ( n + 1 ) 2 + n = 3 S + 3 2 n 2 + 5 2 n \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}[(i+1)^3 - i^3] = \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}[3i^2+3i+1] = 3S + 3\frac{n(n+1)}{2}+n = 3S + \frac{3}{2}n^2+\frac{5}{2}n Σi=1n[(i+1)3−i3]=Σi=1n[3i2+3i+1]=3S+32n(n+1)+n=3S+23n2+25n
因此
n 3 + 3 n 2 + 3 n = 3 S + 3 2 n 2 + 5 2 n n^3 + 3n^2 +3n = 3S + \frac{3}{2}n^2+\frac{5}{2}n n3+3n2+3n=3S+23n2+25n
简化方程可得
S = n 3 + 3 2 n 2 + 1 2 n = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 S = n^3 + \frac{3}{2}n^2 + \frac{1}{2}n = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} S=n3+23n2+21n=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
(b) 第二种解法
令 S n S_n Sn 为给定公式。
S 1 S_1 S1 为真，因为 1 2 = 1 ( 1 + 1 ) ( 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 ) 6 1^2 = \frac{1(1+1)(2\cdot1+1)}{6} 12=61(1+1)(2⋅1+1)
假设 S k S_k Sk 为真；即
1 2 + 2 2 + . . . + k 2 = k ( k + 1 ) ( 2 k + 1 ) 6 1^2 + 2^2 + ... + k^2 = \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6} 12+22+...+k2=6k(k+1)(2k+1)
然后
1 2 + 2 2 + . . . + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( 1 2 + 2 2 + . . . + k 2 ) + ( k + 1 ) 2 = k ( k + 1 ) ( 2 k + 1 ) 6 + ( k + 1 ) 2 = ( k + 1 ) k ( 2 k + 1 ) + 6 ( k + 1 ) 6 = ( k + 1 ) 2 k 2 + 7 k + 6 6 = ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) ( 2 k + 3 ) 6 = ( k + 1 ) [ ( k + 1 ) + 1 ] [ 2 ( k + 1 ) + 1 ] 6 1^2 + 2^2 + ... + (k+1)^2 = (1^2 + 2^2 + ... + k^2) + (k+1)^2 \\ = \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6} + (k+1)^2 \\ =(k+1)\frac{k(2k+1) + 6(k+1)}{6} \\ =(k+1)\frac{2k^2+7k+6}{6} \\ =\frac{(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)}{6}\\ =\frac{(k+1)[(k+1) + 1][2(k+1)+1]}{6} 12+22+...+(k+1)2=(12+22+...+k2)+(k+1)2=6k(k+1)(2k+1)+(k+1)2=(k+1)6k(2k+1)+6(k+1)=(k+1)62k2+7k+6=6(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)=6(k+1)[(k+1)+1][2(k+1)+1]
所以 S k + 1 S_{k+1} Sk+1 成立。
根据数学归纳法， S n S_n Sn 对于所有的 n n n 都成立。
3 定理
(a)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}1=n
Σi=1n1=n
(b)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}c=cn
Σi=1nc=cn
(c)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}
Σi=1ni=2n(n+1)
(d)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}
Σi=1ni2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
(e)
Σ
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\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i^3 = [\frac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2
Σi=1ni3=[2n(n+1)]2
练习题
- 求值
(a) Σ i = 4 8 ( 3 i − 2 ) \Sigma_{i=4}^{8}(3i - 2) Σi=48(3i−2)
(b) Σ i = 1 n i ( i + 1 ) ( i + 2 ) \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i(i+1)(i+2) Σi=1ni(i+1)(i+2) - 求 n n n 使得 Σ i = 1 n i = 78 \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}i = 78 Σi=1ni=78
- 用数学归纳法证明 3 (e)
- 用例5第一种解法证明 3 (e)
- 证明
Σ i = 1 n a r i − 1 = a + a r + a r 2 + . . . + a r n − 1 = a ( r n − 1 ) r − 1 \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}ar^{i-1} = a + ar + ar^2 + ... + ar^{n-1} = \frac{a(r^n-1)}{r-1} Σi=1nari−1=a+ar+ar2+...+arn−1=r−1a(rn−1) - 求 Σ i = 1 n ( 2 i + 2 i ) \Sigma_{i=1}^{n}(2i + 2^i) Σi=1n(2i+2i)
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