sciplot_task2

小伙伴们早上好，今天继续进行共读《科研论文配图绘制指南--基于Python》航海之旅咯～
Task02：2.1 Matplotlib绘图包介绍，掌握matplotlib中基本的图形元素名称，图层顺序和坐标系。多子图绘制方法和常见绘图函数。（页码：18~31）
学习天数：3天
打卡截止时间： 08月23日 03:00 
【再次提醒】如果未按时打卡，将要退群处理哦
【课程链接】https://github.com/datawhalechina/paper-chart-tutorial
【学习者手册】
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/wXSCQ9fcit7gL0fwAwbtCQ
【小程序使用手册】
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/iPmzb72Yk0mhIA2NYezXDg
【船长手册】
https://datawhale.feishu.cn/docs/doccn0YOPvNhGt54Tb2JjxLhDmc#PFdbLL

可以参考的别人的笔记: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/651237706

2.1.1. 图形元素

• 主要元素: figure 画布, axes 坐标图形, axis 轴, artist 艺术对象
• 坐标图形中: title 图名, tick 刻度, tick label 刻度标签, axis label 轴标签, spine 轴脊, legend 图例, grid 网格, line 线, marker 数据标记
• 元素分类: primitives 基础类 & containers 容器类
      - primitives: point, line, grid, title, legend
      - containers:
          - figure
              - 本身可以进行图形绘制, 同时能够被划分为多个子区域绘制子图
              - 可以设置图片属性, 如大小 figsize 与分辨率 dpi
          - axes
              - matplotlib绘图的核心, 绘图的展示区域
              - 包含组成图的众多艺术对象 artists
              - 一个子图区域由上下左右四个轴脊和其他子图元素组成
          - axis
              - 数据轴对象, 每个轴对象都包括 位置对象 locator 和 格式对象 formatter, 控制坐标轴刻度的位置和格式
          - ticks
              - 刻度对象
              - 每个坐标图形都包括 横轴对象 X axis 和 纵轴对象 Y axis
              - 包括 主刻度 major tick, 次刻度 minor tick, 主刻度标签 major tick label, 次刻度标签 minor tick label
      - artists
          - primitives和containers均被称为artists
          - artists通常与axes绑定, 并不能与多个axes共享, 也不能在figure内移动

2.1.2. 图层顺序

• 通过设置绘图函数中的zorder参数设定不同的图层
      - z-order大为靠上侧
      - matplotlib Zorder docs

艺术对象	z-order
Images(AxesImage, FigureImage, BboxImage)	0
Patch / PatchCollection	1
Line2D / LineCollection	2
Text	3
Inset axes / Legend	4

"""an example for Zorder"""
  
r = numpy.linspace(0.3, 1, 30)
theta = numpy.linspace(0, 4*numpy.pi, 30)
x = r * numpy.sin(theta)
y = r * numpy.cos(theta)
  
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(6, 3.2))
  
ax1.plot(x, y, 'C3', lw=3)
ax1.scatter(x, y, s=120)
ax1.set_title('Lines on top of dots')
  
ax2.plot(x, y, 'C3', lw=3)
ax2.scatter(x, y, s=120, zorder=2.5)  # move dots on top of line
ax2.set_title('Dots on top of lines')
  
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

2.1.3. 轴比例和刻度

轴比例 axis scale, 刻度位置 tick locator, 刻度格式 tick formatter

• 轴比例
      - linear, log, symlog, logit
• 刻度位置和刻度格式
      - FixedLocator, MultipleLocator, MaxNLocator, AutoLocator, LogLocator, IndexLocator, LinearLocator, NullLocator

"""show linear, log, logit, symlog
use numpy and matplotlib
"""
  
x = numpy.arange(1000)
y = numpy.linspace(0, 1, 1000)
  
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2,2,figsize=(8,6))
axes = axes.flatten()
  
scale = ['linear', 'log', 'logit', 'symlog']
  
for ax, s in zip(axes, scale[:3]):
    ax.plot(x, y)
    ax.set_title(s)
    ax.set_yscale(s)
    ax.grid()
    # ax[0].set_yticks([0, 0.5, 1])
    # ax[0].set_yticklabels([0, 0.5, 1]
  
ax = axes[3]
s = scale[3]  # symlog
ax.plot(x, y-0.5)
ax.set_title(s)
ax.set_yscale(s, linthreshy=0.0001)
ax.grid()
  
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

2.1.4. 坐标轴

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker


# Setup a plot such that only the bottom spine is shown
def setup(ax):
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.tick_params(which='major', width=1.00)
    ax.tick_params(which='major', length=5)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', width=0.75)
    ax.tick_params(which='minor', length=2.5)
    ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
    ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
    ax.patch.set_alpha(0.0)


plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
n = 8

# Null Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 1)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "NullLocator()", fontsize=14, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Multiple Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 2)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.5))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(0.1))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "MultipleLocator(0.5)", fontsize=14,
        transform=ax.transAxes)

# Fixed Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 3)
setup(ax)
majors = [0, 1, 5]
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(majors))
minors = np.linspace(0, 1, 11)[1:-1]
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(minors))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "FixedLocator([0, 1, 5])", fontsize=14,
        transform=ax.transAxes)

# Linear Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 4)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(3))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.LinearLocator(31))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "LinearLocator(numticks=3)",
        fontsize=14, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Index Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 5)
setup(ax)
ax.plot(range(0, 5), [0]*5, color='white')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.IndexLocator(base=.5, offset=.25))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "IndexLocator(base=0.5, offset=0.25)",
        fontsize=14, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Auto Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 6)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.AutoLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.AutoMinorLocator())
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "AutoLocator()", fontsize=14, transform=ax.transAxes)

# MaxN Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 7)
setup(ax)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(4))
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.MaxNLocator(40))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "MaxNLocator(n=4)", fontsize=14, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Log Locator
ax = plt.subplot(n, 1, 8)
setup(ax)
ax.set_xlim(10**3, 10**10)
ax.set_xscale('log')
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.LogLocator(base=10.0, numticks=15))
ax.text(0.0, 0.1, "LogLocator(base=10, numticks=15)",
        fontsize=15, transform=ax.transAxes)

# Push the top of the top axes outside the figure because we only show the
# bottom spine.
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.05, right=0.95, bottom=0.05, top=1.05)

plt.show()

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-koQSZc4u-1692666874432)(task2_ticks.png)]

2.1.4. 坐标系

• 直角坐标系
• 极坐标系
• 地理坐标系
      - 仅有Aitoff投影, Hammer投影, Lambert投影和Mollweid投影
      - matplotlib不适合绘制地理图标, cartopy和proplot更适合

2.1.5. 多子图绘制

• subplot()函数
      - subplot(nrows, ncols, index, **kwargs)
      - e.g. plt.subplot(2, 2, 1), 2行2列第1个子图
• add_subplot()函数
      - add_subplot(nrows, ncols, index, **kwargs)
      - e.g. fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 1), 2行2列第1个子图
• subplots()函数
      - subplots(nrows=1, ncols=1, sharex=False, sharey=False, squeeze=True, subplot_kw=None, gridspec_kw=None, **fig_kw)
• axes()函数
      - 为当前figure添加axes对象, 使其成为当前axes对象
      - 参数为rect=[left, bottom, width, height]
      - 可以用于添加colorbar的ax
      - e.g. fig.axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8])
• subplot2grid()函数
      - subplot2grid(shape, loc, rowspan=1, colspan=1, fig=None, **kwargs)
      - e.g. plt.subplot2grid((3, 3), (1, 0), colspan=2), 3行3列, 从(1, 0)开始, 跨2列
• gridspec.GridSpec()
      - gridspec.GridSpec(nrows, ncols, figure=None, left=None, bottom=None, right=None, top=None, wspace=None, hspace=None, width_ratios=None, height_ratios=None)
• subplot_mosaic()
      - `subplot_mosaic(layout, *, filled=False, **kwargs)

"""subplot()"""
[plt.subplot(i) for i in [212, 221, 222]]
plt.suptitle('plt.subplot()')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
  
 
"""add_subplot()"""
fig = plt.figure()
[fig.add_subplot(i) for i in [212, 221, 222]]
fig.suptitle('fig.add_subplot()')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
  
 
"""subplots()"""
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3, sharex=True, sharey=True)
fig.suptitle('plt.subplots()')
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
  
 
"""axes()"""
plt.subplot(211)
plt.imshow(numpy.random.random((100, 100)))
plt.subplot(212)
plt.imshow(numpy.random.random((100, 100)))
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.1, right=0.8, top=0.9)
cax = plt.axes([0.85, 0.1, 0.075, 0.8])
plt.colorbar(cax=cax)
plt.show()


"""subplot2grid()"""
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (0,0), colspan=3)
ax1.text(0.5, 0.5, "shape=(3,3), loc=(0,0), colspan=3", ha="center", va="center")
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (1,0), colspan=2)
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (1,2), rowspan=2)
ax3.text(0.5, 0.5, "shape=(3,3), loc=(1,2), \nrowspan=2", ha="center", va="center", rotation=90)
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (2,0))
ax5 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (2,1))
plt.suptitle("subplot2grid((3,3), ...)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
  
 
"""gridspec.GridSpec()"""
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
fig = plt.figure(constrained_layout=True)
gspec = gridspec.GridSpec(ncols=3, nrows=3, figure=fig)
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gspec[0, :])
ax1.text(0.5, 0.5, "gspec[0, 0:3]", ha="center", va="center")
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gspec[1, :2])
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gspec[1:, 2])
ax3.text(0.5, 0.5, "gspec[1:, 2]", ha="center", va="center", rotation=90)
ax4 = fig.add_subplot(gspec[2, 0])
ax5 = fig.add_subplot(gspec[-1, -2])
# plt.tight_layout()  # constrained_layout=True
plt.suptitle("gridspec.GridSpec(ncols=3, nrows=3)")
plt.show()


"""subplot_mosaic()"""
fig, axes = plt.subplot_mosaic(
    ### example
    # [["A panel", "A panel", "A panel", ],
    #  ["B panel", "B panel", "edge", ],
    #  ["C pic", ".", "edge", ]],
    ### or
    """
    AAA
    BBC
    D.C
    """,
    ### or
    # "AAA\nBBC\nD.C",
)
plt.suptitle("gridspec.GridSpec(ncols=3, nrows=3)")
plt.show()

2.1.6. 常见图类型

• kwargs should be further verified

绘图函数	图类型	核心参数
plot	线图, 点图, 带连接线的点图	x, y, color, fmt, linestyle, linewidth, marker, markeredgecolor, markeredgewidth, markerfacecolor, markerfacecoloralt, markersize, label, alpha
scatter	散点图	x, y, s, c, marker, linewidths, edgecolors
bar / barh	条形图	x/y, height, width, color, edgecolor, linewidth, xerr, yerr, error_kw
axhline / axvline	水平 / 垂直的直线	y, xmin, xmax, (x, ymin, ymax), color, linestyle, linewidth, label
axhspan / axvspan	水平 / 垂直的矩形块	ymin, ymax, (xmin, xmax), alpha, facecolor, edgecolor, label, linestyle, linewidth
text	在指定位置添加文本	x, y, s, fontdict, color, bbox, ha, va, wrap, rotation, rotation_mode
fill_between	在两条水平曲线之间填充	x, y1, y2, where, facecolor, edgecolor, label
pie	饼图	x, labels, colors, shadow, startangle
contour	等高线图	X, Y, Z, levels, colors, cmap, linewidths, linestyles, alpha, antialiased, data
step	阶梯图	x, y, fmt, where, label
stem	茎叶图	x, y, linefmt, markerfmt, basefmt, bottom, label, use_line_collection
boxplot	箱线图	x, notch, sym, vert, whis, positions, widths, patch_artist, bootstrap
errorbar	误差线图	x, y, xerr, yerr, fmt, ecolor, capsize
hist	直方图	x, bins, normed, color, alpha
violinplot	小提琴图	x, vert, whis, positions, widths, patch_artist, bootstrap
imshow	热力图	X, cmap, norm, aspect, interpolation, alpha, vmin, vmax, origin, extent, filternorm, filterrad, resample, url, data
pcolor	伪彩图	X, cmap, norm, vmin, vmax, alpha, edgecolors, data
pcolormesh	伪彩图	X, cmap, norm, vmin, vmax, alpha, edgecolors, data
contourf	填充等高线图	X, Y, Z, levels, colors, cmap, norm, alpha, antialiased, data

2.1.7. 保存结果

• savefig()必须出现在show()函数之前, 避免保存空白
• kw bbox_inches='tight'去除空白边缘

fig.savefig('figpath.svg', dpi=400, bbox_inches='tight')
fig.savefig('figpath.png', dpi=400, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.show()

各种画图函数

"""show examples to above plot functions
generate data on the run for plotting"""

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.pyplot import Axes
import numpy
from typing import List

fig, axes = plt.subplots(4,5, figsize=(25,20), dpi=400)
axes:List[Axes] = axes.flatten()

"""plot"""
idx = 0
x = numpy.arange(0, 10, 0.1)
axes[idx].plot(x, numpy.sin(x))
axes[idx].set_title("plot")

"""scatter"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].scatter(numpy.random.rand(100), numpy.random.rand(100))
axes[idx].set_title("scatter")

"""bar"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].bar(numpy.arange(0, 10, 1), numpy.random.rand(10))
axes[idx].set_title("bar")

"""barh"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].barh(numpy.arange(0, 10, 1), numpy.random.rand(10))
axes[idx].set_title("barh")

"""axhline/axvline"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].axhline(y=0.5, xmin=0.25, xmax=0.75, color='r', linestyle='--')
axes[idx].axvline(x=0.5, ymin=0.25, ymax=0.75, color='r', linestyle='--')
axes[idx].set_title('axhline')

"""axhspan/axvspan"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].axhspan(ymin=0.25, ymax=0.75, xmin=0.25, xmax=0.75, alpha=0.5)
axes[idx].axvspan(xmin=0.25, xmax=0.75, ymin=0.25, ymax=0.75, color='r', alpha=0.5)
axes[idx].set_title('axhspan')

"""text"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].text(0.5, 0.5, 'text', fontsize=20, ha='center', va='center')
axes[idx].set_title('text')

"""fill_between"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].fill_between(x, numpy.sin(x), numpy.cos(x), color='r', alpha=0.5)
axes[idx].set_title('fill_between')

"""pie"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].pie(numpy.random.rand(10), labels=numpy.arange(0, 10, 1))
axes[idx].set_title('pie')

"""contour"""
idx += 1
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(numpy.arange(-10, 10, 0.1), numpy.arange(-10, 10, 0.1))
Z = numpy.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
axes[idx].contour(X, Y, Z)
axes[idx].set_title('contour')

"""step"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].step(numpy.arange(0, 10, 1), numpy.random.rand(10))
axes[idx].set_title('step')

"""stem"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].stem(numpy.arange(0, 10, 1), numpy.random.rand(10))
axes[idx].set_title('stem')

"""boxplot"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].boxplot(numpy.random.rand(100))
axes[idx].set_title('boxplot')

"""errorbar"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].errorbar(numpy.arange(0, 10, 1), numpy.random.rand(10), yerr=numpy.random.rand(10))
axes[idx].set_title('errorbar')

"""hist"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].hist(numpy.random.rand(100))
axes[idx].set_title('hist')

"""violinplot"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].violinplot(numpy.random.rand(100))
axes[idx].set_title('violinplot')

"""imshow"""
idx += 1
axes[idx].imshow(numpy.random.rand(10, 10))
axes[idx].set_title('imshow')

"""pcolor, slower than pcolormesh"""
idx += 1
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1), numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1))
Z = numpy.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
axes[idx].pcolor(X, Y, Z, shading='auto')
axes[idx].set_title('pcolor')

"""pcolormesh, faster than pcolor"""
idx += 1
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1), numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1))
Z = numpy.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
axes[idx].pcolormesh(X, Y, Z, shading='auto')
axes[idx].set_title('pcolormesh')

"""contourf"""
idx += 1
X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1), numpy.arange(-10, 10, 1))
Z = numpy.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
axes[idx].contourf(X, Y, Z)
axes[idx].set_title('contourf')

fig.suptitle('examples of matplotlib.pyplot', fontsize=30)
fig.tight_layout()
fig.savefig('task2/task2_examples.png')
plt.show()

![[task2_different_plots.png|800]]