磁盘分区核心命令介绍

在Linux系统中，每一个硬件设备都映射到一个系统的文件，那么在Linux系统中如何去分区？

1、fdisk：查看系统分区详细信息
fdisk -l

fdisk 对磁盘进行分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda    	//👀对sda磁盘进行分区

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended			//👀扩展分区
   p   primary partition (1-4)		//👀主分区
p   //👀主分区最多为4个，扩展分区最多为1个，逻辑分区不限
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (1593-2610, default 1593):
Using default value 1593
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1593-2610, default 2610): +1M

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda    //👀对硬盘进行更新
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000373e3

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26        1332    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1332        1593     2097152   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda4            1593        1593        7036+  83  Linux
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4    //👀进行格式化
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=1024 (log=0)
分块大小=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1760 inodes, 7036 blocks
351 blocks (4.99%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=7340032
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1760 inodes per group

正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (1024 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/		//👀进行挂载使用
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2       9.8G  2.4G  6.9G  26% /
tmpfs           491M     0  491M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       190M   31M  150M  17% /boot
/dev/sr0        3.7G  3.7G     0 100% /media
/dev/sda4       5.7M   41K  5.3M   1% /mnt

2、文件系统管理工具命令
创建文件系统工具
mkfs：mkfs.ext2，mkfs.ext3，mkfs.ext4，mkfs.xfs，mkfs.vfatf’s
检测及修复文件系统的工具
fsck：fscf.ext2，fscf.ext2
查看其属性的工具
dumpe2fs，tune2fs
调整文件系统特性
tune2fs

** mke2fs:专门管理ext系统文件系统工具**

-t ｛ext2|ext3|ext4｝指明要创建的文件系统类型
	mkfs.ext2=mkfs -t  ext2 =mke2fs -t ext2
-b ｛1024|2048|4096｝:指定文件系统块大小  
-L LABEL：指明卷标
-i #：指明inode百分比   每多少个字节创建一个inode
-N #：直接给定inode数量
-m # ：设定预留空间  #代表百分比，默认占用5%的空间

e2label：卷标的查看与设定

查看：e2label  device
设定：e2label  device  LABEL

dumpe2fs：

tune2fs ：查看或者修改ext系统文件系统的属性

-l：查看超级快内容
			
修改文件系统属性
	-j：ext2----->  ext3
	-L  LABEL：修改卷标
	-m  # ：设定预留空间  #代表百分比，默认占用5%的空间  

[root@localhost ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda4
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          a78a04d1-5d29-4e48-b330-8e867f0d711d
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              1760
Block count:              7036
Reserved block count:     351
Free blocks:              5746
Free inodes:              1749
First block:              1
Block size:               1024
Fragment size:            1024
Reserved GDT blocks:      27
Blocks per group:         8192
Fragments per group:      8192
Inodes per group:         1760
Inode blocks per group:   220
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Sat Mar 28 21:13:14 2020
Last mount time:          Sat Mar 28 21:14:05 2020
Last write time:          Sat Mar 28 21:14:05 2020
Mount count:              1
Maximum mount count:      27
Last checked:             Sat Mar 28 21:13:14 2020
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Thu Sep 24 21:13:14 2020
Lifetime writes:          1427 kB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:               128
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      c634f82f-c51d-4d7d-a18e-0c478da8e341
Journal backup:           inode blocks
Journal features:         (none)
日志大小:             1024k
Journal length:           1024
Journal sequence:         0x00000001
Journal start:            0


Group 0: (Blocks 1-7035) [ITABLE_ZEROED]
  校验和 0x02c5,1749个未使用的inode
  主 superblock at 1, Group descriptors at 2-2
  保留的GDT块位于 3-29
  Block bitmap at 30 (+29), Inode bitmap at 46 (+45)
  Inode表位于 62-281 (+61)
  5746 free blocks, 1749 free inodes, 2 directories, 1749个未使用的inodes
  可用块数: 1290-7035
  可用inode数: 12-1760
[root@localhost ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda4
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          a78a04d1-5d29-4e48-b330-8e867f0d711d
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              1760
Block count:              7036
Reserved block count:     351
Free blocks:              5746
Free inodes:              1749
First block:              1
Block size:               1024
Fragment size:            1024
Reserved GDT blocks:      27
Blocks per group:         8192
Fragments per group:      8192
Inodes per group:         1760
Inode blocks per group:   220
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Sat Mar 28 21:13:14 2020
Last mount time:          Sat Mar 28 21:14:05 2020
Last write time:          Sat Mar 28 21:14:05 2020
Mount count:              1
Maximum mount count:      27
Last checked:             Sat Mar 28 21:13:14 2020
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Thu Sep 24 21:13:14 2020
Lifetime writes:          1427 kB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:               128
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      c634f82f-c51d-4d7d-a18e-0c478da8e341
Journal backup:           inode blocks

e2fsck ：磁盘修复 ， 卸载后

            -a：自动修复
			-b：设定surperblock位置
			-B：设定块大小
			-c：检查坏道
			-C file：检查结果保存到file中
			-f：强制检查
			-F：检查前清空缓存
			-v：显示详细报告
			-y：交互式

fsck：可以检测多个系统

            -s：按照顺序检测
			-A：对/etc/fstab中列出的分区进行检查   （默认 mount -a ） 
			-a：自动修复
			-r：如果有错误，由使用者决定是否修复

blkid：获取文件系统类型 UUID

            -L LABEL：根据卷标定位设备
			-U UUID：根据UUID定位设备

3、交换分区
swap的调整对Linux服务器，特别是web服务器的性能至关重要。通过调整swap，有时可以越过系统的性能瓶颈，节省系统升级费用
free -m:
swapon -s
swapon -a
mkswap

[root@localhost ~]# free -m		//👀查看当前交换分区
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:           980        129        850          0         11         33
-/+ buffers/cache:         83        896
Swap:         2047          0       2047
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                               partition       2097148 0       -1
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda   //👀创建一个分区

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n    //👀分区分配不足删除一个
You must delete some partition and add an extended partition first

Command (m for help): d		//👀删除分区4
Partition number (1-4): 4

Command (m for help): n		//👀重新创建主分区
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (1593-2610, default 1593):
Using default value 1593
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1593-2610, default 2610): +5M

Command (m for help): T  	//👀修改主分区的id
Partition number (1-4): 4
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82		//👀82为swap分区
Changed system type of partition 4 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)

Command (m for help): W
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe  //👀yum install parted
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sda (                                                                                          设备或资源忙).  As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after                                                                                           reboot.
Warning: 无法以读写方式打开 /dev/sr0 (只读文件系统)。/dev/sr0 已按照只读方式打开                                                                                          。
Warning: 无法以读写方式打开 /dev/sr0 (只读文件系统)。/dev/sr0 已按照只读方式打开                                                                                          。
Error: 无效的分区表 - /dev/sr0 出现递归分区。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 3月  29 09:37 /dev/sda
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda4	//👀初始化
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 7032 KiB
no label, UUID=4644d685-56dc-4a5d-a889-876f00f52184
[root@localhost ~]# df -h  //👀查看分区信息
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2       9.8G  2.4G  6.9G  26% /
tmpfs           491M     0  491M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       190M   31M  150M  17% /boot
/dev/sr0        3.7G  3.7G     0 100% /media
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab	//👀将UUID写入
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a	//👀读取/etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s	//👀查看swap分区
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                               partition       2097148 0       -1
/dev/sda4                               partition       7032    0       -2
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/swap.file bs=1M count=1024
//👀还有一种方法就是文件创建swap分区
记录了1024+0 的读入
记录了1024+0 的写出
1073741824字节(1.1 GB)已复制，26.4904 秒，40.5 MB/秒
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/
[root@localhost mnt]# ls --lh
ls：无法识别的选项“--lh”
请尝试执行"ls --help"来获取更多信息。
[root@localhost mnt]# ls -lh
总用量 1.1G
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.0G 3月  29 11:15 swap.file
[root@localhost mnt]# mkswap /mnt/swap.file
mkswap: /mnt/swap.file: warning: don't erase bootbits sectors
        on whole disk. Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=7e821de7-6fd4-4127-a9a0-4c6274a5e3b3
[root@localhost mnt]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@localhost mnt]# swapon -a
swapon: cannot find the device for UUID=7e821de7-6fd4-4127-a9a0-4c6274a5e3b3
[root@localhost mnt]# vi /etc/fstab //👀文件创建swap不允许使用UUID，可以使用文件路径
[root@localhost mnt]# swapon -a
[root@localhost mnt]# swapon -s
Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                               partition       2097148 0       -1
/dev/sda4                               partition       7032    0       -2
/mnt/swap.file                          file            1048572 0       -3

挂载点：用于作为另外一个文件系统的访问入口
1、必须事先存在
2、使用未被系统或者其他进程使用的目录
3、挂载点下的原文件会被隐藏（访问路径会被改变，若取消挂载路径又指向原路径）
mount -t 文件系统 -o 选项 设备名 挂载点
#mount -t iso9660 -o loop /dev/sr0 /media

##############################################
默认选项：
defaults： rw，suid，dev，exec，auto，nouser，async，relatime

			quota 磁盘配额
			acl：支持facl功能
			#	mount	-o 	acl 	decice	dir
			#	tune2fs	-o		acl	device

mount：
mount [-nrw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
-r：只读挂载
-w：读写挂载
-n：默认情况下 只要挂载或者卸载会同步更新/etc/mtab，-n禁止同步
-t：指明文件系统
-L LABEL：挂载的时候以卷标指明设备
-U UUID：挂载的时候以UUID指明设备
-o：指定挂载选项：
查看当前系统挂载那些设备
# mount
# cat /etc/mtab
# cat /proc/mounts
umount:
umount device/directory

		注意：正在使用的挂载点是无法被卸载的
					查看被那些进程所占用
		              # 	lsof mountpoint
		              #	fuser	-v	  MOUNT_POINT