计算机网络-自顶向下方法（7th) 第三章 Review Questions 英文题目+中文答案

SECTIONS 3.1–3.3

R1.

Suppose the network layer provides the following service. The network layer in the source host accepts a segment of maximum size 1,200 bytes and a destination host address from the transport layer. The network layer then guarantees to deliver the segment to the transport layer at the destination host. Suppose many network application processes can be running at the destination host.
a. Design the simplest possible transport-layer protocol that will get application data to the desired process at the destination host. Assume the operating system in the destination host has assigned a 4-byte port number to each running application process.
b. Modify this protocol so that it provides a “return address” to the destination process.
c. In your protocols, does the transport layer “have to do anything” in the core of the computer network?

a, 假设该协议为STP
STP包含端口号+数据，可以从应用层接收至多1196字节的数据，并添加上4字节的运输层报头(即端口号)
b, 运输层报头变为8字节， 4字节的发送端口+4字节的接收端口。接收方返回消息时两个端口号会颠倒过来。（另外，网络层报文需包括发送方地址和接收方地址，题面对网络层的服务描述的不是很清楚）
c, 不需要。该协议运行在端系统中。与交换机不发生作用。

R2.

Consider a planet where everyone belongs to a family of six, every family lives in its own house, each house has a unique address, and each person in a given house has a unique name. Suppose this planet has a mail service that delivers letters from source house to destination house. The mail service requires that (1) the letter be in an envelope, and that (2) the address of the destination house (and nothing more) be clearly written on the envelope. Suppose each family has a delegate family member who collects and distributes letters for the other family members. The letters do not necessarily provide any indication of the recipients of the letters.
a. Using the solution to Problem R1 above as inspiration, describe a protocol that the delegates can use to deliver letters from a sending family member to a receiving family member.
b. In your protocol, does the mail service ever have to open the envelope and examine the letter in order to provide its service?

a, 寄信人需要在信的开头中注明收件人姓名，并在信封上标明收件人地址。接收方收到信后，会打开信封，并看到信的开头标记着收信人名字，把它转交给对应的收信人手中。(注意，收件人姓名写在信中而不是信封上，这是为了模拟R1的情况。)
b，不需要打开。它只需要知道信封上的收件人地址就够了。

R3.

Consider a TCP connection between Host A and Host B. Suppose that the TCP segments traveling from Host A to Host B have source port number x and destination port number y. What are the source and destination port numbers for the segments traveling from Host B to Host A?
source number: y;
destination number: x;

R4. Describe why an application developer might choose to run an application over UDP rather than TCP

1、需要保证实时性
2、对数据丢失、损坏不敏感

R5.

Why is it that voice and video traffic is often sent over TCP rather than UDP in today’s Internet? (Hint: The answer we are looking for has nothing to do with TCP’s congestion-control mechanism.)

大多数的网络防火墙都被配置为拒绝UDP流量。只有TCP流量才能不被阻拦。

R6.

Is it possible for an application to enjoy reliable data transfer even when the application runs over UDP? If so, how?
可以的。可以把对传输的控制放在应用层来完成。相比TCP，这种控制可以做的更为精细，但是也需要更大的工作量。

R7.

Suppose a process in Host C has a UDP socket with port number 6789. Suppose both Host A and Host B each send a UDP segment to Host C with destination port number 6789. Will both of these segments be directed to the same socket at Host C? If so, how will the process at Host C know that these two segments originated from two different hosts?

是的，会发送到同一端口。
可以通过网络层数据报的IP地址区别来区分源主机，也可以通过应用层分组来区分。

R8.

Suppose that a Web server runs in Host C on port 80. Suppose this Web server uses persistent connections, and is currently receiving requests from two different Hosts, A and B. Are all of the requests being sent through the same socket at Host C? If they are being passed through different sockets, do both of the sockets have port 80? Discuss and explain.
不通过相同的socket。这些sockets都连接着端口80。
原因是TCP的socket是通过四个值确定的：源端口&地址和目的端口&地址。不同的TCP连接通过不同的源端口&地址发送到服务器的同一个端口，这些TCP连接都对应着单独的socket。

SECTION 3.4

R9.

In our rdt protocols, why did we need to introduce sequence numbers?
保证所有的报文段是有序的。并且能探测到哪个分组丢失了以便于重传。

R10.

In our rdt protocols, why did we need to introduce timers?
为了检测到丢包。假如在时限内没有收到回应，可能是发送的报文或者应答报文丢失了，这时需要重新发送报文。

R11.

Suppose that the round trip delay between sender and receiver is constant and known to the sender. Would a timer still be necessary in protocol rdt 3.0, assuming that packets can be lost? Explain.

同样是必要的，只不过，这时候对时限的设置可以更为精确，可以避免出现分组在半路上拥堵的情形被误认为丢包。

R12.

Visit the Go-Back-N Java applet at the companion Web site.
a. Have the source send five packets, and then pause the animation before any of the five packets reach the destination. Then kill the first packet and resume the animation. Describe what happens.
b. Repeat the experiment, but now let the first packet reach the destination and kill the first acknowledgment. Describe again what happens.
c. Finally, try sending six packets. What happens?

略。

R13.

Repeat R12, but now with the Selective Repeat Java applet. How are Selective Repeat and Go-Back-N different?

略

SECTION 3.5

R14. True or false?

a. Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection. Assume Host B has no data to send Host A. Host B will not send acknowledgments to Host A because Host B cannot piggyback the acknowledgments on data.

b. The size of the TCP rwnd never changes throughout the duration of the connection.

c. Suppose Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection. The number of unacknowledged bytes that A sends cannot exceed the size of the receive buffer.

d. Suppose Host A is sending a large file to Host B over a TCP connection. If the sequence number for a segment of this connection is m, then the sequence number for the subsequent segment will necessarily be m+1.

e. The TCP segment has a field in its header for rwnd.

f. Suppose that the last SampleRTT in a TCP connection is equal to 1 sec. The current value of TimeoutInterval for the connection will necessarily be ≥ 1 sec.

g. Suppose Host A sends one segment with sequence number 38 and 4 bytes of data over a TCP connection to Host B. In this same segment the acknowledgment number is necessarily 42

FFTFTFF
a,B需要发送ACK报文，只是该报文不会再数据段携带数据。
b,rwnd的值会每隔一段时间探测并更新。
c,对。
d,m+报文段的数据大小
e,对。有16位的receive window 字段，用于存储rwnd
f, 超时时延的计算是比较复杂的，是一个比较平稳的值。未必大于SampleRTT(SampleRTT波动性可能很大)。
g,acknowledgment number是与对方的序列号向对应的。acknowledgment number=n,说明期待对方的下一个报文的序列号是n.

R15.

Suppose Host A sends two TCP segments back to back to Host B over a TCP connection. The first segment has sequence number 90; the second has sequence number 110.
a. How much data is in the first segment?
b. Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment arrives at B. In the acknowledgment that Host B sends to Host A, what will be the acknowledgment number?
a，20 bytes
b, 90

R16.

Consider the Telnet example discussed in Section 3.5 . A few seconds after the user types the letter ‘C,’ the user types the letter ‘R.’ After typing the letter ‘R,’ how many segments are sent, and what is put in the sequence number and acknowledgment fields of the segments?
3个报文段
第一个：seq = 43, ack =80;
第二个：seq = 80, ack = 44;
第三个：seq = 44, ack = 81

SECTION 3.7

此部分没有细看，均翻译自官方给的答案。

R17.

Suppose two TCP connections are present over some bottleneck link of rate R bps. Both connections have a huge file to send (in the same direction over the bottleneck link). The transmissions of the files start at the same time. What transmission rate would TCP like to give to each of the connections?

R/2

R18.

True or false? Consider congestion control in TCP. When the timer expires at the sender,the value of ssthresh is set to one half of its previous value.

错。他会被设置为当前阻塞窗口值的一半。

R19.

In the discussion of TCP splitting in the sidebar in Section 3.7 , it was claimed that the response time with TCP splitting is approximately 4⋅RTTFE+RTTBE+processing time. Justify this claim.

略。