函数模板深入理解:
(1)编译器从函数模板通过具体类型产生不同的函数
(2)编译器会对函数模板进行两次编译
对模板代码本身进行编译
对参数替换后的代码进行编译
注意事项:
函数模板本身不允许隐式类型转换
自动推导类型时,必须严格匹配
显示类型指定时,能够进行隐式类型转换
实验编程:函数模板的本质
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
Test(const Test&);
public:
Test()
{
}
};
template < typename T >
void Swap(T& a, T& b)
{
T c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
}
typedef void(FuncI)(int&, int&);
typedef void(FuncD)(double&, double&);
typedef void(FuncT)(Test&, Test&);
int main()
{
FuncI* pi = Swap; // 编译器自动推导 T 为 int
FuncD* pd = Swap; // 编译器自动推导 T 为 double
// FuncT* pt = Swap; // 编译器自动推导 T 为 Test
cout << "pi = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pi) << endl;
cout << "pd = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pd) << endl;
// cout << "pt = " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(pt) << endl;
return 0;
}
实验编程:多参数函数模板
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template
< typename T1, typename T2, typename T3 >
T1 Add(T2 a, T3 b)
{
return static_cast<T1>(a + b);
}
int main()
{
// T1 = int, T2 = double, T3 = double
int r1 = Add<int>(0.5, 0.8);
// T1 = double, T2 = float, T3 = double
double r2 = Add<double, float>(0.5, 0.8);
// T1 = float, T2 = float, T3 = float
float r3 = Add<float, float, float>(0.5, 0.8);
cout << "r1 = " << r1 << endl; // r1 = 1
cout << "r2 = " << r2 << endl; // r2 = 1.3
cout << "r3 = " << r3 << endl; // r3 = 1.3
return 0;
}
有趣的问题:当函数重载遇见函数模板会发生什么?
重载函数模板:
实验编程:重载函数模板
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template < typename T >
T Max(T a, T b)
{
cout << "T Max(T a, T b)" << endl;
return a > b ? a : b;
}
int Max(int a, int b)
{
cout << "int Max(int a, int b)" << endl;
return a > b ? a : b;
}
template < typename T >
T Max(T a, T b, T c)
{
cout << "T Max(T a, T b, T c)" << endl;
return Max(Max(a, b), c);
}
int main()
{
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
cout << Max(a, b) << endl; // ÆÕͨº¯Êý Max(int, int)
cout << Max<>(a, b) << endl; // º¯ÊýÄ£°å Max<int>(int, int)
cout << Max(3.0, 4.0) << endl; // º¯ÊýÄ£°å Max<double>(double, double)
cout << Max(5.0, 6.0, 7.0) << endl; // º¯ÊýÄ£°å Max<double>(double, double, double)
cout << Max('a', 100) << endl; // ÆÕͨº¯Êý Max(int, int)
return 0;
}