python学习笔记

nonlocal关键字

>>> def fun1():
	def fun2():
		x*=x
	return x

>>> fun1()
5
>>> def fun1():
	x=5
	def fun2():
		x*=x
		return x
	return fun2()

>>> fun1()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#35>", line 1, in <module>
    fun1()
  File "<pyshell#34>", line 6, in fun1
    return fun2()
  File "<pyshell#34>", line 4, in fun2
    x*=x
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment
>>> def fun1()
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> def fun1():
	x=5
	def fun2():
		nonlocal x(这里用这个关键字说明要将x强制成一个局部变量)
		x*=x
		return x
	return fun2()

>>> fun1()
25

内嵌函数

>>> def fun1():
	x=5
	def fun2():
		x*=x
	return x

>>> fun1()
5
>>> fun2()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
    fun2()
NameError: name 'fun2' is not defined

filter()过滤器

要过滤掉1-10中的偶数
>>> list(filter(lambda x:x%2,range(10)))
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

lambda关键字构建匿名函数，有时候可以省去了起名的繁琐

>>> lambda x:x*x+1
<function <lambda> at 0x000001650BE6E268>
>>> g=lambda x:x*x+1
>>> g(5)
26

斐波那契数列的python实现：

def feibonaqi(n: object) -> object:
    if(n==1):
        return 1
    elif(n==2):
        return 1
    elif(n>2):
        return feibonaqi(n-1)+feibonaqi(n-2)

number=int(input("请输入一个数"))
r=feibonaqi(number)
print(r)

n=1与n=2时结果一样的，就想着用个或，不过python中没有&&和||，有&和|，不过出错了。。。这是为什么

递归-汉诺塔（其实非常简单，想明白就好）

def hanoi(n,x,y,z):
    if n==1:
        print(x,'-->',z)
    else:
        hanoi(n-1,x,z,y)#将前n-1个盘子从x移动到y
        print(x,'-->',z)#将第n个盘子从x移动到z上
        hanoi(n-1,y,x,z)#将y上的n-1个盘子移动到z上

n=int(input("请输入层数"))
hanoi(n,'X','Y','Z')

字典（标志性就是大括号，对应的键和多个值构成）底下有dict详解

>>> dict1={'李宁':'xixi','耐克':'xixi1'}
>>> print('李宁的口号是：',dict1['李宁'])
李宁的口号是： xixi
>>> dict2={1:'one',2:'two',3:'three'}
>>> dict2
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
>>> dict2[2]
'two'
>>> dict3={}
>>> dict3
{}

>>> dict4=dict(小甲鱼='xixi',哈哈='lala')
>>> dict4
{'小甲鱼': 'xixi', '哈哈': 'lala'}
>>> print('小甲鱼的口号是:',dict4['小甲鱼'])
小甲鱼的口号是: xixi
>>> dict4['苍井空']='所有AV从业者xixixi'
>>> dict4
{'小甲鱼': 'xixi', '哈哈': 'lala', '苍井空': '所有AV从业者xixixi'}
>>> dict4['爱迪生']='xixi'
>>> dict4
{'小甲鱼': 'xixi', '哈哈': 'lala', '苍井空': '所有AV从业者xixixi', '爱迪生': 'xixi'}

>>> help(dict)
Help on dict object:

class dict(object)
 |  dict() -> new empty dictionary
 |  dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 |      (key, value) pairs
 |  dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 |      d = {}
 |      for k, v in iterable:
 |          d[k] = v
 |  dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 |      in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
 |  
 |  __delitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Delete self[key].
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(...)
 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
 |      Set self[key] to value.
 |  
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
 |  
 |  clear(...)
 |      D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.
 |  
 |  copy(...)
 |      D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
 |  
 |  get(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |  
 |  items(...)
 |      D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |  
 |  keys(...)
 |      D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |  
 |  pop(...)
 |      D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 |      If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
 |  
 |  popitem(...)
 |      D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
 |      2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
 |  
 |  setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
 |      
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |  
 |  update(...)
 |      D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 |      If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 |      If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
 |      In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
 |  
 |  values(...)
 |      D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |  
 |  fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /) from builtins.type
 |      Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  __hash__ = None

 fromkeys关键字

>>> dict1={}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,3))
{1: None, 2: None, 3: None}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,3),'number')
{1: 'number', 2: 'number', 3: 'number'}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,3),('one','two','three'))
{1: ('one', 'two', 'three'), 2: ('one', 'two', 'three'), 3: ('one', 'two', 'three')}
>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,3),'水准')
{1: '水准', 3: '水准'}

keys()键，values()值，items()项 

>>> dict1=dict1.fromkeys(range(32),'')
>>> dict1=dict1.fromkeys(range(32),'赞')
>>> dict1
{0: '赞', 1: '赞', 2: '赞', 3: '赞', 4: '赞', 5: '赞', 6: '赞', 7: '赞', 8: '赞', 9: '赞', 10: '赞', 11: '赞', 12: '赞', 13: '赞', 14: '赞', 15: '赞', 16: '赞', 17: '赞', 18: '赞', 19: '赞', 20: '赞', 21: '赞', 22: '赞', 23: '赞', 24: '赞', 25: '赞', 26: '赞', 27: '赞', 28: '赞', 29: '赞', 30: '赞', 31: '赞'}
>>> for eachkey in dict1.keys():
	print(eachkey)

	
0
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in 和not in（返回True以及False）

clear，之前已经使b=a，如果直接重新构建a的空数组，b还是保留了a的内容，没办法清空，如果用clear，则b中的内容也会同时被清空

>>> a={'姓名':'xixi'}
>>> b=a
>>> b
{'姓名': 'xixi'}
>>> a={}
>>> a
{}
>>> b
{'姓名': 'xixi'}
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
{}
>>> b
{'姓名': 'xixi'}
>>> b=a
>>> b
{}

浅拷贝copy()和直接赋值（注意浅拷贝的id是有变化的，直接赋值（贴了一个不同的标签在相同的数据上）id是没有变化的），后面加了个four，a被干扰了，b没变

>>> a={1:'one',2:'two'}
>>> b=a.copy()
>>> c=a
>>> c
{1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
>>> b
{1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
>>> id(a)
1898952360944
>>> id(b)
1898952360872
>>> id(c)
1898952360944
>>> c[4]='four'
>>> a
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 4: 'four'}
>>> b
{1: 'one', 2: 'two'}

去除列表中重复的元素（如果没有set，则就用前几行代码来解决，有set就方便很多了）

>>> num1=[1,2,3,4,5,5,3,1,0]
>>> temp=[]
>>> for each in num1:
	if each not in temp:
		temp.append(each)

		
>>> temp
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
>>> num1=list(set(num1))
>>> num1
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

frozenset就会冰冻集合，就不能再对此集合进行操作了（如果增加元素就会报错）

>>> num3=frozenset([1,2,3,4])
>>> num3.append('xixi')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#68>", line 1, in <module>
    num3.append('xixi')
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'append'