C++ 继承和派生

一、继承

子类会继承父类所有的属性跟方法。(重点)

class Person {
public:
	string name;
	char gender;
	int age;
};

class Student : public Person {
public:
	string major;
};

二、private&protexted&public(重点)

private: 成员变量和函数只在自己的类里面可以访问。

protexted:成员变量和函数只在自己的类和子类里面可以访问。

三、公有继承

四、私有继承

五、保护继承

六、三种继承方式的综合实例

class Father {
public:
	int a;
protected:
	int b;
private:
	int c;
};

class Son1 : public Father {
public:
	void show() {
		cout << a << endl;//public
		cout << b << endl;//protected
		cout << c << endl;//父类的private,访问不到
	}
};

class Son2 : protected Father {
public:
	void show() {
		cout << a << endl;//protected
		cout << b << endl;//protected
		cout << c << endl;//父类的private,访问不到
	}
};

class Son3 : private Father {
public:
	void show() {
		cout << a << endl;//private
		cout << b << endl;//private
		cout << c << endl;//父类的private,访问不到
	}
};

class GrandSon : public Son3 {
public:
	void show() {
		cout << a << endl;
		cout << b << endl;
		cout << c << endl;
		//三个都访问不到
	}
};

void main() {
	Father f;
	cout << f.a << endl;
	cout << f.b << endl;//访问不到
	cout << f.c << endl;//访问不到

	Son1 s1;
	cout << s1.a << endl;
	cout << s1.b << endl;//访问不到
	cout << s1.c << endl;//访问不到

	Son2 s2;
	cout << s2.a << endl;
	cout << s2.b << endl;
	cout << s2.c << endl;
	//三个都访问不到

	Son3 s3;
	cout << s3.a << endl;
	cout << s3.b << endl;
	cout << s3.c << endl;
	//三个都访问不到
}

七、重名(冲突)与隐藏

class Father {
public:
	int age;
	Father() : age(18) {}

	void show() {
		cout << "Father::show()" << endl;
	}

	void show(int a) //函数重载
	{
		cout << "Father::show(int a)" << endl;
	}
};

class Son : public Father {
public:
	int age;//与父类属性重名
	Son() : age(28) {}

	void show() //与父类方法重名
	{
		cout << "Son::show()" << endl;
	}
};

void main() {
	Son s;

	cout << s.age << endl;//28，把父类的属性值隐藏了
	cout << s.Father::age << endl;//18，重名时访问父类属性的方式
	cout << s.Son::age << endl;//28
	
	s.show();//Son::show()，把父类的方法隐藏了
	s.Father::show();//Father::show()，重名时访问父类方法的方式
	s.Son::show();//Son::show()

	s.show(100);//报错，就算父类中函数重载了还是会被隐藏
	s.Father::show(100);//Father::show(int a)
}

八、子类与父类的构造与析构顺序

创建一个子类对象时，构造时先构造父类，再构造子类，析构时先析构子类，再析构父类。(可能会考)

九、类的大小

class Father//父类
{
public:
	int id;
	int age;
	int bank_card;
};//sizeof(f)=12

class Son : public Father //子类
{
public:
	int n_toy;
};//sizeof(s)=12+4=16

class Father //父类
{
public:
	double bank_card;//size(8)
	char id;//size(1)
	short age;//size(2)
};//sizeof(f)=8x3=24,内存对齐

十、多继承

同时继承多个基类的属性和方法。

class Father {
public:
	int height;
};

class Mother {
public:
	int beauty;
};

class Son : public Father, public Mother {
};//sizeof(s)=8

不同基类有相同的属性名:

class Father {
public:
	int height;
	int age;
};

class Mother {
public:
	int beauty;
	int age;
};

class Son : public Father, public Mother {
};//sizeof(s)=16

void main() {
	Son s;
	s.Father::age=28;
	s.Mother::age=26;
	
	cout << s.age << endl;//报错
	cout << s.Father::age << endl;//28
	cout << s.Mother::age << endl;//26
};

十一、菱形继承(不考)