DQL语言
分组查询
语法:
select 分组函数,列(要求出现在group by的后边) ⑤
from 表 ①
[where 筛选条件] ②
group by 分组的列表 ③
[having 分组后的筛选] ④
[order by 子句] ⑥
注意: 查询列表必须特殊,要求是分组函数和group by后出现的字段
特点:
1. 分组查询中的筛选条件分为两类
数据源 位置 关键字
分组前筛选: 原始表 group by子句的前边 where
分组后筛选: 分组后的结果集 group by子句的后边 having
①:分组函数做条件肯定是放在having子句中
②:能用分组前筛选的,就优先考虑使用分组前筛选
2. group by 子句支持单个字段分组,多个字段分组(多个字段之间用逗号隔开没有顺序要求),表达式或函数(用的较少)
3. 也可以添加排序(排序放在整个分组查询的最后)
#引入:查询每个部门的平均工资
USE myemployees
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;#查询所有员工的平均工资
1.简单的分组查询
#案例1:查询每个工种的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
#案例2:查询每个位置上的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*),location_id
FROM departments
GROUP BY location_id
2.添加分组前的筛选条件
#案例1:查询邮箱中包含a字符的,每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
GROUP BY department_id;
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个领导手下员工的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id;
3.添加分组后的筛选条件
#案例1:哪个部门的员工个数>2
#分步解决
#① 查询每个部门的员工
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#② 根据①的结果进行筛选,查询哪个部门的员工个数>2
SELECT COUNT(*),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;
#案例2:查询每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>12000的工种编号和其最高工资
#查询每个工种有奖金的员工最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary),job_id
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
#最高工资>12000
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
#案例3:查询领导编号>102的每个领导手下的员工最低工资>5000的领导编号是哪个,以及其最低工资
#①查询每个领导手下的员工固定的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY manager_id
#②添加筛选条件:领导编号>102
SELECT MIN(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id > 102
GROUP BY manager_id
#③添加筛选条件:最低工资>5000
SELECT MIN(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id > 102
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>5000
4.按表达式或函数分组
#案例:按员工姓名的长度分组,查询每一组的员工个数,筛选员工个数>5的有哪些
#①查询每个长度的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),LENGTH(last_name)
FROM employees
GROUP BY LENGTH(last_name)
#②添加筛选条件
SELECT COUNT(*) c,LENGTH(last_name) len_name
FROM employees
GROUP BY len_name
HAVING c >5;
5.按多个字段分组
#案例:查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id,job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id;
6.添加排序
#案例:查询每个部门(不为null)每个工种的员工的平均工资(大于1w),并且按平均工资的高低显示
SELECT AVG(salary) a ,department_id,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id,job_id;
HAVING a> 10000
ORDER BY a DESC;
练习
- 查询各 job_id 的员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和,并按 job_id 升序
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),AVG(salary),SUM(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY job_id;
- 查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距(DIFFERENCE)
SELECT MAX(salary)-MIN(salary) DIFFERENCE
FROM employees;
- 查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不能低于 6000,没有管理者的员
工不计算在内
SELECT MIN(salary),manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >= 6000;
- 查询所有部门的编号,员工数量和工资平均值,并按平均工资降序
SELECT COUNT(*),AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC;
- 选择具有各个 job_id 的员工人数
SELECT COUNT(*),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id