深度学习 - RNN训练过程推演

1. 数据准备

字符序列 “hello” 转换为 one-hot 编码表示:

  • 输入: [‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’]
  • 输出: [‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’]

2. 初始化参数

我们使用一个单层的 RNN(N VS N),隐藏层大小为2,每次传1个字符。初始参数如下:

W x h = ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ) , W h h = ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ) , W h y = ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ) W_{xh} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \\ 0.5 & 0.6 \\ 0.7 & 0.8 \end{pmatrix}, \quad W_{hh} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \end{pmatrix}, \quad W_{hy} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 & 0.4 \\ 0.5 & 0.6 & 0.7 & 0.8 \end{pmatrix} Wxh= 0.10.30.50.70.20.40.60.8 ,Whh=(0.10.30.20.4),Why=(0.10.50.20.60.30.70.40.8)

偏置项初始化为0。

3. 前向传播和反向传播

时间步 1(输入 ‘h’):

输入向量 x 1 = [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] x_1 = [1, 0, 0, 0] x1=[1,0,0,0]

h 1 = tanh ⁡ ( W x h x 1 + W h h h 0 ) = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ) ( 1 0 0 0 ) + ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ) ( 0 0 ) ) = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.1 0.3 ) ) = ( 0.0997 0.2913 ) h_1 = \tanh(W_{xh} x_1 + W_{hh} h_0) = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \\ 0.5 & 0.6 \\ 0.7 & 0.8 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \right) = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 \\ 0.3 \end{pmatrix} \right) = \begin{pmatrix} 0.0997 \\ 0.2913 \end{pmatrix} h1=tanh(Wxhx1+Whhh0)=tanh 0.10.30.50.70.20.40.60.8 1000 +(0.10.30.20.4)(00) =tanh((0.10.3))=(0.09970.2913)

y 1 = W h y h 1 = ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ) ( 0.0997 0.2913 ) = ( 0.1695 0.3889 0.6083 0.8277 ) y_1 = W_{hy} h_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 & 0.4 \\ 0.5 & 0.6 & 0.7 & 0.8 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0.0997 \\ 0.2913 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1695 \\ 0.3889 \\ 0.6083 \\ 0.8277 \end{pmatrix} y1=Whyh1=(0.10.50.20.60.30.70.40.8)(0.09970.2913)= 0.16950.38890.60830.8277

预测值 y ^ 1 = softmax ( y 1 ) \hat{y}_1 = \text{softmax}(y_1) y^1=softmax(y1)

假设真实输出为 ‘e’,对应 one-hot 编码为 y 1 = [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] y_1 = [0, 1, 0, 0] y1=[0,1,0,0]

交叉熵损失函数:

loss 1 = − ∑ i y 1 i log ⁡ ( y ^ 1 i ) \text{loss}_1 = - \sum_{i} y_{1i} \log(\hat{y}_{1i}) loss1=iy1ilog(y^1i)

梯度计算:

∂ loss 1 ∂ W h y = ( y ^ 1 − y 1 ) h 1 T \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{hy}} = (\hat{y}_1 - y_1) h_1^T Whyloss1=(y^1y1)h1T

∂ loss 1 ∂ W x h = ∂ loss 1 ∂ h 1 ⋅ ∂ h 1 ∂ W x h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{xh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial h_1} \cdot \frac{\partial h_1}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxhloss1=h1loss1Wxhh1

∂ loss 1 ∂ W h h = ∂ loss 1 ∂ h 1 ⋅ ∂ h 1 ∂ W h h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{hh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial h_1} \cdot \frac{\partial h_1}{\partial W_{hh}} Whhloss1=h1loss1Whhh1

参数更新:

W x h = W x h − η ∂ loss 1 ∂ W x h W_{xh} = W_{xh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxh=WxhηWxhloss1

W h h = W h h − η ∂ loss 1 ∂ W h h W_{hh} = W_{hh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{hh}} Whh=WhhηWhhloss1

W h y = W h y − η ∂ loss 1 ∂ W h y W_{hy} = W_{hy} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_1}{\partial W_{hy}} Why=WhyηWhyloss1

时间步 2(输入 ‘e’):

使用更新后的 W x h W_{xh} Wxh W h h W_{hh} Whh W h y W_{hy} Why 参数。

输入向量 x 2 = [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] x_2 = [0, 1, 0, 0] x2=[0,1,0,0]

h 2 = tanh ⁡ ( W x h x 2 + W h h h 1 ) = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ) ( 0 1 0 0 ) + ( 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ) ( 0.0997 0.2913 ) ) h_2 = \tanh(W_{xh} x_2 + W_{hh} h_1) = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \\ 0.5 & 0.6 \\ 0.7 & 0.8 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 \\ 0.3 & 0.4 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0.0997 \\ 0.2913 \end{pmatrix} \right) h2=tanh(Wxhx2+Whhh1)=tanh 0.10.30.50.70.20.40.60.8 0100 +(0.10.30.20.4)(0.09970.2913)

计算后得:

h 2 = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.3 0.7 ) + ( 0.1283 0.2147 ) ) = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.4283 0.9147 ) ) h_2 = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.3 \\ 0.7 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0.1283 \\ 0.2147 \end{pmatrix} \right) = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.4283 \\ 0.9147 \end{pmatrix} \right) h2=tanh((0.30.7)+(0.12830.2147))=tanh((0.42830.9147))

y 2 = W h y h 2 y_2 = W_{hy} h_2 y2=Whyh2

预测值 y ^ 2 = softmax ( y 2 ) \hat{y}_2 = \text{softmax}(y_2) y^2=softmax(y2)

假设真实输出为 ‘l’,对应 one-hot 编码为 y 2 = [ 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] y_2 = [0, 0, 1, 0] y2=[0,0,1,0]

交叉熵损失函数:

loss 2 = − ∑ i y 2 i log ⁡ ( y ^ 2 i ) \text{loss}_2 = - \sum_{i} y_{2i} \log(\hat{y}_{2i}) loss2=iy2ilog(y^2i)

梯度计算:

∂ loss 2 ∂ W h y = ( y ^ 2 − y 2 ) h 2 T \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{hy}} = (\hat{y}_2 - y_2) h_2^T Whyloss2=(y^2y2)h2T

∂ loss 2 ∂ W x h = ∂ loss 2 ∂ h 2 ⋅ ∂ h 2 ∂ W x h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{xh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial h_2} \cdot \frac{\partial h_2}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxhloss2=h2loss2Wxhh2

∂ loss 2 ∂ W h h = ∂ loss 2 ∂ h 2 ⋅ ∂ h 2 ∂ W h h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{hh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial h_2} \cdot \frac{\partial h_2}{\partial W_{hh}} Whhloss2=h2loss2Whhh2

参数更新:

W x h = W x h − η ∂ loss 2 ∂ W x h W_{xh} = W_{xh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxh=WxhηWxhloss2

W h h = W h h − η ∂ loss 2 ∂ W h h W_{hh} = W_{hh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{hh}} Whh=WhhηWhhloss2

W h y = W h y − η ∂ loss 2 ∂ W h y W_{hy} = W_{hy} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_2}{\partial W_{hy}} Why=WhyηWhyloss2

时间步 3(输入 ‘l’):

使用更新后的 W x h W_{xh} Wxh W h h W_{hh} Whh W h y W_{hy} Why 参数。

输入向量 x 3 = [ 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] x_3 = [0, 0, 1, 0] x3=[0,0,1,0]

h 3 = tanh ⁡ ( W x h x 3 + W h h h 2 ) h_3 = \tanh(W_{xh} x_3 + W_{hh} h_2) h3=tanh(Wxhx3+Whhh2)

计算后得:

h 3 = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.5 1.2 ) + W h h h 2 ) h_3 = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.5 \\ 1.2 \end{pmatrix} + W_{hh} h_2 \right) h3=tanh((0.51.2)+Whhh2)

y 3 = W h y h 3 y_3 = W_{hy} h_3 y3=Whyh3

预测值 y ^ 3 = softmax ( y 3 ) \hat{y}_3 = \text{softmax}(y_3) y^3=softmax(y3)

假设真实输出为 ‘l’,对应 one-hot 编码为 y 3 = [ 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] y_3 = [0, 0, 1, 0] y3=[0,0,1,0]

交叉熵损失函数:

$$
\text{loss}3 = - \sum{i} y_{3i} \log(\hat{y}_{3

i})
$$

梯度计算:

∂ loss 3 ∂ W h y = ( y ^ 3 − y 3 ) h 3 T \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{hy}} = (\hat{y}_3 - y_3) h_3^T Whyloss3=(y^3y3)h3T

∂ loss 3 ∂ W x h = ∂ loss 3 ∂ h 3 ⋅ ∂ h 3 ∂ W x h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{xh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial h_3} \cdot \frac{\partial h_3}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxhloss3=h3loss3Wxhh3

∂ loss 3 ∂ W h h = ∂ loss 3 ∂ h 3 ⋅ ∂ h 3 ∂ W h h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{hh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial h_3} \cdot \frac{\partial h_3}{\partial W_{hh}} Whhloss3=h3loss3Whhh3

参数更新:

W x h = W x h − η ∂ loss 3 ∂ W x h W_{xh} = W_{xh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxh=WxhηWxhloss3

W h h = W h h − η ∂ loss 3 ∂ W h h W_{hh} = W_{hh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{hh}} Whh=WhhηWhhloss3

W h y = W h y − η ∂ loss 3 ∂ W h y W_{hy} = W_{hy} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_3}{\partial W_{hy}} Why=WhyηWhyloss3

时间步 4(输入 ‘l’):

使用更新后的 W x h W_{xh} Wxh W h h W_{hh} Whh W h y W_{hy} Why 参数。

输入向量 x 4 = [ 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] x_4 = [0, 0, 1, 0] x4=[0,0,1,0]

h 4 = tanh ⁡ ( W x h x 4 + W h h h 3 ) h_4 = \tanh(W_{xh} x_4 + W_{hh} h_3) h4=tanh(Wxhx4+Whhh3)

计算后得:

h 4 = tanh ⁡ ( ( 0.5 1.2 ) + W h h h 3 ) h_4 = \tanh \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0.5 \\ 1.2 \end{pmatrix} + W_{hh} h_3 \right) h4=tanh((0.51.2)+Whhh3)

y 4 = W h y h 4 y_4 = W_{hy} h_4 y4=Whyh4

预测值 y ^ 4 = softmax ( y 4 ) \hat{y}_4 = \text{softmax}(y_4) y^4=softmax(y4)

假设真实输出为 ‘o’,对应 one-hot 编码为 y 4 = [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] y_4 = [0, 0, 0, 1] y4=[0,0,0,1]

交叉熵损失函数:

loss 4 = − ∑ i y 4 i log ⁡ ( y ^ 4 i ) \text{loss}_4 = - \sum_{i} y_{4i} \log(\hat{y}_{4i}) loss4=iy4ilog(y^4i)

梯度计算:

∂ loss 4 ∂ W h y = ( y ^ 4 − y 4 ) h 4 T \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{hy}} = (\hat{y}_4 - y_4) h_4^T Whyloss4=(y^4y4)h4T

∂ loss 4 ∂ W x h = ∂ loss 4 ∂ h 4 ⋅ ∂ h 4 ∂ W x h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{xh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial h_4} \cdot \frac{\partial h_4}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxhloss4=h4loss4Wxhh4

∂ loss 4 ∂ W h h = ∂ loss 4 ∂ h 4 ⋅ ∂ h 4 ∂ W h h \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{hh}} = \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial h_4} \cdot \frac{\partial h_4}{\partial W_{hh}} Whhloss4=h4loss4Whhh4

参数更新:

W x h = W x h − η ∂ loss 4 ∂ W x h W_{xh} = W_{xh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{xh}} Wxh=WxhηWxhloss4

W h h = W h h − η ∂ loss 4 ∂ W h h W_{hh} = W_{hh} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{hh}} Whh=WhhηWhhloss4

W h y = W h y − η ∂ loss 4 ∂ W h y W_{hy} = W_{hy} - \eta \frac{\partial \text{loss}_4}{\partial W_{hy}} Why=WhyηWhyloss4

4.代码实现

下面是一个使用 PyTorch 实现简单 RNN(循环神经网络)的示例代码,该代码将字符序列作为输入并预测下一个字符。我们将使用一个小的字符集进行演示。

安装 PyTorch

在开始之前,请确保您已安装 PyTorch。您可以使用以下命令进行安装:

pip install torch
RNN 实现示例

我们将实现一个字符级 RNN,用于从序列 “hello” 中预测下一个字符。字符集为 {‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘o’}。

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import numpy as np

# 定义字符集和字符到索引的映射
chars = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'o']
char_to_idx = {ch: idx for idx, ch in enumerate(chars)}
idx_to_char = {idx: ch for idx, ch in enumerate(chars)}

# 超参数
input_size = len(chars)
hidden_size = 10
output_size = len(chars)
num_layers = 1
learning_rate = 0.01
num_epochs = 100

# 准备数据
def char_to_tensor(char):
    tensor = torch.zeros(input_size)
    tensor[char_to_idx[char]] = 1.0
    return tensor

def string_to_tensor(string):
    tensor = torch.zeros(len(string), input_size)
    for idx, char in enumerate(string):
        tensor[idx][char_to_idx[char]] = 1.0
    return tensor

input_seq = "hell"
target_seq = "ello"

input_tensor = string_to_tensor(input_seq)
target_tensor = torch.tensor([char_to_idx[ch] for ch in target_seq])

# 定义 RNN 模型
class RNN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size):
        super(RNN, self).__init__()
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
        self.rnn = nn.RNN(input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, batch_first=True)
        self.fc = nn.Linear(hidden_size, output_size)

    def forward(self, x, hidden):
        out, hidden = self.rnn(x, hidden)
        out = self.fc(out[:, -1, :])
        return out, hidden

    def init_hidden(self):
        return torch.zeros(num_layers, 1, hidden_size)

# 初始化模型、损失函数和优化器
model = RNN(input_size, hidden_size, output_size)
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)

# 训练模型
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    hidden = model.init_hidden()
    model.zero_grad()
    
    input_seq = input_tensor.unsqueeze(0)
    output, hidden = model(input_seq, hidden)
    
    loss = criterion(output, target_tensor.unsqueeze(0))
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    
    if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
        print(f'Epoch [{epoch + 1}/{num_epochs}], Loss: {loss.item():.4f}')

# 测试模型
def predict(model, char, hidden=None):
    if hidden is None:
        hidden = model.init_hidden()
    input_tensor = char_to_tensor(char).unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)
    output, hidden = model(input_tensor, hidden)
    _, predicted_idx = torch.max(output, 1)
    return idx_to_char[predicted_idx.item()], hidden

hidden = model.init_hidden()
input_char = 'h'
predicted_seq = input_char
for _ in range(len(input_seq)):
    next_char, hidden = predict(model, input_char, hidden)
    predicted_seq += next_char
    input_char = next_char

print(f'Predicted sequence: {predicted_seq}')
代码说明
  1. 数据准备

    • 我们定义了一个简单的字符集 {‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘o’},并创建了字符到索引和索引到字符的映射。
    • char_to_tensor 函数将字符转换为 one-hot 向量。
    • string_to_tensor 函数将字符串转换为一系列 one-hot 向量。
  2. 定义 RNN 模型

    • RNN 类继承自 nn.Module,包含一个 RNN 层和一个全连接层。
    • forward 方法执行前向传播。
    • init_hidden 方法初始化隐藏状态。
  3. 训练模型

    • 我们使用交叉熵损失函数和 Adam 优化器。
    • 在每个训练周期,我们进行前向传播、计算损失、反向传播和参数更新。
  4. 测试模型

    • predict 函数根据给定的输入字符生成下一个字符。
    • 我们使用训练好的模型从字符 ‘h’ 开始生成一个字符序列。

运行该代码后,您将看到模型预测的字符序列,它会逐渐学会从输入序列中预测下一个字符。

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