查询练习的多种方法

查询练习的多种方法

MySQL重点之一就是查询,各种查询方法,不同的环境,要勤加练习.

建表数据

use school;

-- 插入学院数据
insert into `tb_college` 
    (`col_name`, `col_intro`) 
values 
    ('计算机学院', '计算机学院1958年设立计算机专业，1981年建立计算机科学系，1998年设立计算机学院，2005年5月，为了进一步整合教学和科研资源，学校决定，计算机学院和软件学院行政班子合并统一运作、实行教学和学生管理独立运行的模式。 学院下设三个系：计算机科学与技术系、物联网工程系、计算金融系；两个研究所：图象图形研究所、网络空间安全研究院（2015年成立）；三个教学实验中心：计算机基础教学实验中心、IBM技术中心和计算机专业实验中心。'),
    ('外国语学院', '外国语学院设有7个教学单位，6个文理兼收的本科专业；拥有1个一级学科博士授予点，3个二级学科博士授予点，5个一级学科硕士学位授权点，5个二级学科硕士学位授权点，5个硕士专业授权领域，同时还有2个硕士专业学位（MTI）专业；有教职员工210余人，其中教授、副教授80余人，教师中获得中国国内外名校博士学位和正在职攻读博士学位的教师比例占专任教师的60%以上。'),
    ('经济管理学院', '经济学院前身是创办于1905年的经济科；已故经济学家彭迪先、张与九、蒋学模、胡寄窗、陶大镛、胡代光，以及当代学者刘诗白等曾先后在此任教或学习。');

-- 插入学生数据
insert into `tb_student` 
    (`stu_id`, `stu_name`, `stu_sex`, `stu_birth`, `stu_addr`, `col_id`) 
values
    (1001, '杨过', 1, '1990-3-4', '湖南长沙', 1),
    (1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
    (1033, '王语嫣', 0, '1989-12-3', '四川成都', 1),
    (1572, '岳不群', 1, '1993-7-19', '陕西咸阳', 1),
    (1378, '纪嫣然', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
    (1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
    (2035, '东方不败', 1, '1988-6-30', null, 2),
    (3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
    (3755, '项少龙', 1, '1993-1-25', null, 3),
    (3923, '杨不悔', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3);

-- 插入老师数据
insert into `tb_teacher` 
    (`tea_id`, `tea_name`, `tea_title`, `col_id`) 
values 
    (1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
    (1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
    (1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
    (2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
    (3366, '韦一笑', default, 3);

-- 插入课程数据
insert into `tb_course` 
    (`cou_id`, `cou_name`, `cou_credit`, `tea_id`) 
values 
    (1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
    (2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
    (3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
    (4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
    (5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
    (6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
    (7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
    (8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
    (9999, '审计学', 3, 3366);

-- 插入选课数据
insert into `tb_record` 
    (`stu_id`, `cou_id`, `sel_date`, `score`) 
values 
    (1001, 1111, '2017-09-01', 95),
    (1001, 2222, '2017-09-01', 87.5),
    (1001, 3333, '2017-09-01', 100),
    (1001, 4444, '2018-09-03', null),
    (1001, 6666, '2017-09-02', 100),
    (1002, 1111, '2017-09-03', 65),
    (1002, 5555, '2017-09-01', 42),
    (1033, 1111, '2017-09-03', 92.5),
    (1033, 4444, '2017-09-01', 78),
    (1033, 5555, '2017-09-01', 82.5),
    (1572, 1111, '2017-09-02', 78),
    (1378, 1111, '2017-09-05', 82),
    (1378, 7777, '2017-09-02', 65.5),
    (2035, 7777, '2018-09-03', 88),
    (2035, 9999, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 1111, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 8888, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 9999, '2017-09-01', 92);

数据建立起来之后,我们就开始今天的查询之旅吧

use school;

-- 查询所有学生的所有信息
select * from tb_student;

-- 查询学生的学号、姓名和家庭住址(投影)
select stu_id, stu_name, stu_addr from tb_student;

-- 查询所有课程的名称及学分(投影和别名) ---> alias
select cou_name as 课程名称, cou_credit as 学分 from tb_course;

-- 查询所有女学生的姓名和出生日期(筛选)
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student where stu_sex=0;

-- 查询所有80后学生的姓名、性别和出生日期(筛选)
select stu_name, stu_sex, stu_birth 
	from tb_student 
    where stu_birth>='1980-1-1' and stu_birth<='1989-12-31';
    
select stu_name, stu_sex, stu_birth 
	from tb_student 
    where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';

-- 标准SQL的做法
select 
	stu_name as 姓名, 
    case stu_sex when 1 then '男' else '女' end as 性别, 
    stu_birth as 生日
from tb_student 
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';

-- MySQL方言 if() 函数 ---> Oracle方言 decode() 函数
select 
	stu_name as 姓名, 
    if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别, 
    stu_birth as 生日
from tb_student 
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
    
-- 查询姓“杨”的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
-- 通配符（wildcard）---> % ---> 匹配零个或任意多个字符
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨%';

-- 查询姓“杨”名字两个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
-- 通配符（wildcard）---> _ ---> 精确匹配一个字符
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨_';

-- 查询姓“杨”名字三个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stu_name, stu_sex from tb_student where stu_name like '杨__';

-- 查询名字中有“不”字或“嫣”字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stu_name from tb_student 
where stu_name like '%不%' or stu_name like '%嫣%'; 

select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%嫣%'
union 
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name like '%不%';

-- 基于正则表达式的模糊查询
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_name regexp '[杨林].{2}';

-- 查询没有录入家庭住址的学生姓名(空值)
select stu_name from tb_student 
where stu_addr is null or stu_add='';

select stu_name from tb_student 
where stu_addr<=>null or stu_addr='';

-- 查询录入了家庭住址的学生姓名(空值)
select stu_name from tb_student 
where stu_addr is not null and stu_addr<>'';

-- 查询学生选课的所有日期(去重)
select distinct sel_date from tb_record;

-- 查询学生的家庭住址(去重)
select distinct stu_addr from tb_student 
where stu_addr is not null;

-- 查询男学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
-- 升序（从小到大）---> ascending
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student 
where stu_sex=1 
order by stu_birth asc;

-- curdate ---> 获取当前日期
-- datediff ---> 计算时间差（以天为单位）
-- floor / ceil ---> 向下/上取整
select 
	stu_name, 
    stu_birth,
    floor(datediff(curdate(), stu_birth)/365) as stu_age
from tb_student 
where stu_sex=1 
order by stu_age desc;

-- 降序（从大到小）---> descending
select stu_name, stu_birth from tb_student 
where stu_sex=1 
order by stu_birth desc;

-- 查询年龄最大的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select min(stu_birth) from tb_student;

-- 查询年龄最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select max(stu_birth) from tb_student;

-- 查询编号为1111的课程考试成绩的最高分
select max(score) from tb_record where cou_id=1111;

-- 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的最低分
select min(score) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;

-- 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的平均分
select avg(score) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;
select sum(score) / count(score) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;

-- 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的平均分，如果有null值，null值算0分
select sum(score) / count(*) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;
select avg(ifnull(score, 0)) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;

-- ifnull ---> 如果遇到null（空值），将其替换为指定的值

-- 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的标准差
select std(score) from tb_record where stu_id=1001;

-- 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
select 
	if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别, 
    count(*) as 人数
from tb_student group by stu_sex;

-- 查询每个学院男女学生人数
select 
	col_id as 学院编号,
    if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as 性别, 
    count(*) as 人数
from tb_student group by col_id, stu_sex;

-- 查询每个学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
select 
	stu_id as 学号, 
    round(avg(score), 2) as 平均分
from tb_record group by stu_id;

-- 查询平均成绩大于等于90分的学生的学号和平均成绩
select 
	stu_id as 学号, 
    round(avg(score), 2) as 平均分
from tb_record 
group by stu_id 
having 平均分>=90;

-- 查询1111、2222、3333三门课程平均成绩大于等于90分的学生的学号和平均成绩
select 
	stu_id as 学号, 
    round(avg(score), 2) as 平均分
from tb_record 
where cou_id in (1111, 2222, 3333)
group by stu_id 
having 平均分>=90;

-- 分组以前的数据筛选使用where子句，分组以后的数据筛选使用having子句

-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询)
set @a=(select min(stu_birth) from tb_student);

select @a:=(select min(stu_birth) from tb_student);

select @a;

select stu_name from tb_student where stu_birth=@a;

-- 嵌套查询：把一个select的结果作为另一个select的一部分来使用
-- 嵌套查询通常也称之为子查询，在查询语句中有两个或多个select
select stu_name from tb_student 
	where stu_birth=(
		select min(stu_birth) from tb_student
	);

-- 查询选了两门以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
select stu_name from tb_student 
	where stu_id in (
		select stu_id from tb_record 
		group by stu_id having count(*)>2
	);
    
-- 查询学生的姓名、生日和所在学院名称
select stu_name, stu_birth, col_name 
from tb_student, tb_college 
where tb_student.col_id=tb_college.col_id;

select stu_name, stu_birth, col_name 
from tb_student t1 inner join tb_college t2
on t1.col_id=t2.col_id;

select stu_name, stu_birth, col_name 
from tb_student natural join tb_college;

-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及成绩(连接查询/联结查询)
select t2.stu_id, stu_name, t3.cou_id, cou_name, score 
from tb_record t1, tb_student t2, tb_course t3 
where 
	t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id and 
    t1.cou_id=t3.cou_id and 
    score is not null;

select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student t1 inner join tb_record t2 
on t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id inner join tb_course t3 
on t2.cou_id=t3.cou_id where score is not null;

select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student natural join tb_record natural join tb_course 
where score is not null;

-- 分页查询
select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student natural join tb_record natural join tb_course 
where score is not null 
order by score desc limit 5;

select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student natural join tb_record natural join tb_course 
where score is not null 
order by score desc limit 5 offset 5;

select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student natural join tb_record natural join tb_course 
where score is not null 
order by score desc limit 5 offset 10;

select stu_name, cou_name, score 
from tb_student natural join tb_record natural join tb_course 
where score is not null 
order by score desc limit 10,5;

-- alter table tb_record change column stu_id sid int unsigned not null;
-- alter table tb_record change column cou_id cid int unsigned not null;

-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(子查询和连接查询)
select stu_name, avg_score 
from 
	tb_student t1, 
    (
		select stu_id, round(avg(score),1) as avg_score 
		from tb_record group by stu_id
	) t2
where t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id;

-- 查询学生的姓名和选课的数量
select stu_name, total 
from 
	tb_student t1, 
	(
		select stu_id, count(*) as total from tb_record 
		group by stu_id
    ) t2
where t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id;

-- 查询每个学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和子查询)
-- 内连接：查询左右两表满足连接条件的数据。
-- 外连接
-- 左外连接：确保左表（现在join前面的表）中的所有记录都能查出来，不满足连接条件的补充null。
-- 右外连接：确保右表（现在join后面的表）中的所有记录都能查出来，不满足连接条件的补充null。
-- 全外连接：确保左表和右表中的所有记录都能查出来，不满足连接条件的补充null。

-- 左外连接
select stu_name, ifnull(total, 0) as total 
from tb_student t1 left outer join (
	select stu_id, count(*) as total from tb_record 
	group by stu_id
) t2 on t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id;

-- 删除tb_record表的外键约束
alter table tb_record drop foreign key fk_record_stu_id;
alter table tb_record drop foreign key fk_record_cou_id;

-- 给tb_record表加两条记录，学号5566在学生表没有对应的记录
insert into tb_record 
values
	(default, 5566, 1111, '2019-09-02', 80),
    (default, 5566, 2222, '2019-09-02', 70);
    
-- 右外连接
select t1.stu_id, stu_name, t2.stu_id, total as total 
from tb_student t1 right outer join (
	select stu_id, count(*) as total from tb_record 
	group by stu_id
) t2 on t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id;

-- MySQL不支持全外连接
-- 可以通过左外连接与右外连接求并集运算得到全外连接的结果
select t1.stu_id, stu_name, t2.stu_id, total as total 
from tb_student t1 left outer join (
	select stu_id, count(*) as total from tb_record 
	group by stu_id
) t2 on t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id
union 

select t1.stu_id, stu_name, t2.stu_id, total as total 
from tb_student t1 right outer join (
	select stu_id, count(*) as total from tb_record 
	group by stu_id
) t2 on t1.stu_id=t2.stu_id;

hrs练习

drop database if exists hrs;
create database hrs default charset utf8mb4;

use hrs;

create table tb_dept
(
dno int not null comment '编号',
dname varchar(10) not null comment '名称',
dloc varchar(20) not null comment '所在地',
primary key (dno)
);

insert into tb_dept values 
    (10, '会计部', '北京'),
    (20, '研发部', '成都'),
    (30, '销售部', '重庆'),
    (40, '运维部', '深圳');

create table tb_emp
(
eno int not null comment '员工编号',
ename varchar(20) not null comment '员工姓名',
job varchar(20) not null comment '员工职位',
mgr int comment '主管编号',
sal int not null comment '员工月薪',
comm int comment '每月补贴',
dno int comment '所在部门编号',
primary key (eno)
);

-- alter table tb_emp add constraint pk_emp_eno primary key (eno);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint uk_emp_ename unique (ename);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint fk_emp_mgr foreign key (mgr) references tb_emp (eno);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint fk_emp_dno foreign key (dno) references tb_dept (dno);

insert into tb_emp values 
    (7800, '张三丰', '总裁', null, 9000, 1200, 20),
    (2056, '乔峰', '分析师', 7800, 5000, 1500, 20),
    (3088, '李莫愁', '设计师', 2056, 3500, 800, 20),
    (3211, '张无忌', '程序员', 2056, 3200, null, 20),
    (3233, '丘处机', '程序员', 2056, 3400, null, 20),
    (3251, '张翠山', '程序员', 2056, 4000, null, 20),
    (5566, '宋远桥', '会计师', 7800, 4000, 1000, 10),
    (5234, '郭靖', '出纳', 5566, 2000, null, 10),
    (3344, '黄蓉', '销售主管', 7800, 3000, 800, 30),
    (1359, '胡一刀', '销售员', 3344, 1800, 200, 30),
    (4466, '苗人凤', '销售员', 3344, 2500, null, 30),
    (3244, '欧阳锋', '程序员', 3088, 3200, null, 20),
    (3577, '杨过', '会计', 5566, 2200, null, 10),
    (3588, '朱九真', '会计', 5566, 2500, null, 10);

-- 查询月薪最高的员工姓名和月薪
select ename as 员工姓名, sal as 员工薪水
from tb_emp where sal=(select max(sal) from tb_emp);
-- 查询员工的姓名和年薪((月薪+补贴)*13)
select  ename, (sal + ifnull(comm, 0)*13) as ann_sal from tb_emp order by ann_sal desc; -- ann_sal 年薪
-- 查询有员工的部门的编号和人数
select dno , count(*) from tb_emp group by dno;
-- 查询所有部门的名称和人数
select dname, ifnull(total, 0) from tb_dept left outer join
(select dno, count(*) as total from tb_emp group by dno) tb_temp
on tb_dept.dno=tb_temp.dno;
-- 查询月薪最高的员工(Boss除外)的姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(select max(sal) from tb_emp where mgr is not null);
-- 查询月薪超过平均月薪的员工的姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from tb_emp);
-- 查询月薪超过其所在部门平均月薪的员工的姓名、部门编号和月薪
select ename, t1.dno, sal from tb_emp t1 inner join
(select dno, avg(sal) as avg_sal from tb_emp group by dno) t2
on t1.dno=t2.dno and sal>avg_sal;
-- 查询部门中月薪最高的人姓名、月薪和所在部门名称
select ename, sal,dname
from tb_emp t1, tb_dept t2, (
	select dno, max(sal) as max_sal from tb_emp group by dno
)t3 where t1.dno-t2.dno and t1.dno=t3.dno and sal=max_sal;
-- 查询主管的姓名和职位
-- 提示:尽量少用in/not in运算,尽量少用distinct操作
-- 可以使用存在性判断(exists/not exists) 替代集合运算和去重操作
select ename, job from tb_emp where eno in (
	select distinct mgr from tb_emp where mgr is not null
);

select ename, job from tb_emp where eno=any(
	select distinct mgr from tb_emp where mgr is not null
);

-- 查询月薪排名4~6名的员工排名、姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp order by sal desc limit 3  offset 3 ;