Docker 入门（二）常用命令纯手敲带测试结果

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-09 13:56:42 发布

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分类专栏： Docker 文章标签： docker ssh linux

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_49384626/article/details/124580832

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本文详细介绍了Docker的基础命令，包括查看版本信息、系统信息、搜索镜像、下载镜像、删除镜像、管理容器（创建、启动、停止、删除）、查看容器日志、进程信息以及容器间的数据交互等。通过实例展示了如何使用这些命令进行日常的Docker操作。

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Docker常用命令

帮助命令

docker version # 显示docker版本信息
docker info # 显示docker系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker --help # docker的帮助命令

帮助文档地址：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/

镜像命令

docker images查看所有本地主机镜像

[root@gzh /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   7 months ago   13.3kB

#解释
REPOSITORY  镜像的仓库源
TAG         镜像的标签
IMAGE ID    镜像的ID
CREATED     镜像的创建时间
SIZE		镜像的大小

#可选项
  -a, --all             列出所有的镜像
  -q, --quiet           只显示镜像ID

docker search 搜索镜像

[root@gzh /]# docker search mysql
NAME                             DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                            MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12512     [OK]       
mariadb                          MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4813      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server               Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   925                  [OK]
percona                          Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   575       [OK]       
phpmyadmin                       phpMyAdmin - A web interface for MySQL and M…   522       [OK]    

#可选项，通过STARS来过滤
  --filter=STARS=3000  搜索出来的镜像就是STARS数量大于等于3000的
  
[root@gzh /]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12512     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4813      [OK]

docker pull下载镜像

#下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名 [:tag]
[root@gzh /]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest   # 如果不写 tag 默认就是 latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Pull complete    # 分层下载，docker image的核心  联合文件系统
93619dbc5b36: Pull complete 
99da31dd6142: Pull complete 
626033c43d70: Pull complete 
37d5d7efb64e: Pull complete 
ac563158d721: Pull complete 
d2ba16033dad: Pull complete 
688ba7d5c01a: Pull complete 
00e060b6d11d: Pull complete 
1c04857f594f: Pull complete 
4d7cfa90e6ea: Pull complete 
e0431212d27d: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e9027fe4d91c0153429607251656806cc784e914937271037f7738bd5b8e7709 #签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest 
docker.io/library/mysql:latest #真实地址

# 等价于它
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

#指定版本下载
[root@gzh /]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Already exists 
93619dbc5b36: Already exists 
99da31dd6142: Already exists 
626033c43d70: Already exists 
37d5d7efb64e: Already exists 
ac563158d721: Already exists 
d2ba16033dad: Already exists 
0ceb82207cd7: Pull complete 
37f2405cae96: Pull complete 
e2482e017e53: Pull complete 
70deed891d42: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:f2ad209efe9c67104167fc609cca6973c8422939491c9345270175a300419f94
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

在这里插入图片描述

docker rmi 删除镜像

[root@gzh /]# docker rmi -f 镜像id #删除指定的镜像
[root@gzh /]# docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id #删除多个指定的镜像
[root@gzh /]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) #循环删除所有的镜像

容器命令

说明：有了镜像才可以创建容器，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

#参数说明
--name="Name"    容器名字  tomcat01  tomcat02，用来区分容器
-d               后台方式运行
-it              使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看容器内容
-p				 指定容器的端口 -p  8080:8080
	-p ip:主机端口:容器端口
	-p 主机端口:容器端口 （常用）
	-p 容器端口
	容器端口
-p 				 随机指定端口

#测试，启动并进入容器
[root@gzh /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@4b535a8ca9b7 /]# ls     #查看容器内的centos，基础版本，很多命令都是不完善的
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

#退出容器命令，从容器退回主机
[root@4b535a8ca9b7 /]# exit
exit
[root@gzh /]# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

列出所有运行中的容器

#docker ps 命令
   #列出当前正在运行的容器	
-a #列出当前正在运行的容器+历史运行过的容器
-n=? #列出最近创建的容器
-q #只显示容器id
[root@gzh /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@gzh /]# clear
[root@gzh /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
4b535a8ca9b7   centos         "/bin/bash"   6 minutes ago   Exited (0) 3 minutes ago             boring_benz
0d5d6ebc9ed5   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      6 hours ago     Exited (0) 6 hours ago               busy_hugle
ec94d08fb1cc   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      6 hours ago     Exited (0) 6 hours ago               kind_buck

[root@gzh /]# docker ps -a -n=1
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
4b535a8ca9b7   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago   Exited (0) 5 minutes ago             boring_benz
[root@gzh /]# docker ps -a -n=1 -q
4b535a8ca9b7

退出容器

exit #直接容器停止并退出
Ctrl + P + Q #容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id                 #删除指定容器,不能删除正在运行的
docker rm -f 容器id              #删除指定容器,可删除正在运行的
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)   #循环删除容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm #这个也能删除所有容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器id     #启动容器
docker restart 容器id   #重启当前正在运行的容器
docker stop 容器id      #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id      #暴力杀死当前正在运行的容器

常用其他命令

# 通过命令 docker run -d 镜像名！
[root@gzh /]# docker run -d centos

#问题docker ps ,发现centos停止了

#常见的坑：docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
#nginx,容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止

查看日志

docker logs 容器id  #查看日志

#自己编写shell脚本制造日志
[root@gzh /]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo gzh;sleep 1;done"

#显示日志
 -tf           #显示日志
 --tail number #要显示的日志条数
[root@gzh /]# docker logs -tf --tail 10 78d27682f59f

查看容器中的进程信息

docker top 容器id #查看容器进程信息

[root@gzh /]# docker top 78d27682f59f
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                17374               17350               0                   May04               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c while true;do echo gzh;sleep 1;done
root                17853               17374               0                   00:05               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1

查看镜像元数据

# 命令
 docker inspect 容器id
# 测试 
[root@gzh /]# docker inspect 78d27682f59f
[
    {
        "Id": "78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38",
        "Created": "2022-05-04T16:00:00.587371417Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo gzh;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 17374,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-05-04T16:00:00.796190976Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38/78d27682f59ffe0651a042e14adbc9dc985d5ddc7df7f74e5d0d80e242953c38-json.log",
        "Name": "/youthful_perlman",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f4d8bcfa800cde1ff8678d2b93c7573e31ca7dc9f83d3635a8089a705d6221c-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/92cff7ed7cc6aad5c1f04967fdd38578f89832ae499eab276ef828bb9d919a2e/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f4d8bcfa800cde1ff8678d2b93c7573e31ca7dc9f83d3635a8089a705d6221c/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f4d8bcfa800cde1ff8678d2b93c7573e31ca7dc9f83d3635a8089a705d6221c/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f4d8bcfa800cde1ff8678d2b93c7573e31ca7dc9f83d3635a8089a705d6221c/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "78d27682f59f",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo gzh;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "b835a0b08baed4dadfa53ea25ed00895d98087de1f14b723ca9af617f4bd413a",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/b835a0b08bae",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "d801dc71b60226408f2a6fd9fcb7ff62d7c8b929c3b9b9b1399502ccff8088d9",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "7fc55f5fe1e63af02d37d93080e3a5868be33f89c1ecacea4c301da30f70548f",
                    "EndpointID": "d801dc71b60226408f2a6fd9fcb7ff62d7c8b929c3b9b9b1399502ccff8088d9",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置

#命令
docker exec -it 容器id bash
#测试
[root@gzh /]# docker exec -it 78d27682f59f bash
[root@78d27682f59f /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@78d27682f59f /]# ps -ef
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root           1       0  0 15:59 ?        00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo gzh;sleep 1;done
root         930       0  0 16:15 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
root         961       1  0 16:15 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
root         962     930  0 16:15 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef

#方式二
docker attach 容器id
#测试
[root@gzh /]#docker attach 78d27682f59f
正在执行的命令行

#docker exec    #进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作（常用）
#docker attach  #进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

从容器内部拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目地的主机路径
#测试，查看当前主机目录下运行的容器
[root@gzh home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
102f9202d699   centos    "bash"    2 minutes ago   Up 2 minutes             nice_maxwell
#进入容器当前正在执行的终端
[root@gzh home]# docker attach 102f9202d699
#进入容器centos里面的home目录创建gzh.java文件
[root@102f9202d699 /]# cd /home
[root@102f9202d699 home]# ls
[root@102f9202d699 home]# touch gzh.java
[root@102f9202d699 home]# ls
gzh.java
#推出容器
[root@102f9202d699 home]# exit
exit
#查看历史运行的容器
[root@gzh home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED         STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
102f9202d699   centos    "bash"    4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 12 seconds ago             nice_maxwell
#拷贝容器中的文件到当前主机/home目录
[root@gzh home]# docker cp 102f9202d699:/home/gzh.java /home
[root@gzh home]# ls
gzh.java

#拷贝是一个手动过程，未来我们可以使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现，自动同步 例如 容器内/home目录与主机/home目录打通