路由器
1.路由
路由器是一种连接多个网络或网段的网络设备,工作在网络层,作用是隔离广播域和为数据包选择最佳路径,最终送达目的地,其中选择路径的过程被称为路由
2.路由器的工作原理
(1)PC1发送数据给PC2,因为两台PC不在同一网段,所以PC1会将数据包发送给路由器AR1
(2)AR1收到数据包,首先会查看数据包中的目的IP地址,再查看自己的路由表,数据包中的目的IP地址是192.168.2.1/24,属于2.0网段,路由器发现自己路由表中记录了2.0网段转发接口是g0/0/0,于是将数据包从g0/0/0接口转发出去
(3)网络中每个路由器都是这样转发数据,直到到达最后一个路由器AR2,路由器发现自己路由表中记录了2.0网段转发接口是g0/0/1,于是将数据包从g0/0/1接口转发出去,最终PC2接收到PC1发来的数据
如果路由表中没有对应的网段信息,路由器会根据配置转发到默认接口,或者给用户返回 “目标地址不可达” 的信息
3.路由表
路由表是在路由器中维护的路由条目,路由器根据路由表做路径选择。路由表的形成需要从直连网段和非直连网段来理解
(1)直连网段:在路由器的接口上配置了IP,且接口状态UP时,路由表会出现直连路由选项
(2)非直连路由:AR1的路由表中并没有出现192.168.2.0网段的路由,此时就需要我们手动配置静态路由或者动态路由让其学习了
4.静态路由
(1)静态路由是管理员手动配置的,不会发生变化
(2)静态路由是单向的
(3)静态路由可以对路由的行为进行精确的控制
(4)静态路由缺乏灵活性,当网络拓扑更新时,管理员必须重新配置该静态路由
(5)默认路由:是一种特殊的静态路由,当路由表中没有与数据包中目的地址匹配的网段时路由器选择默认接口
5.路由器转发数据包的封装过程
PC1向PC2发送数据
源IP | 目的IP | 源MAC | 目的MAC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1到AR1 | 192.168.1.1 | 192.168.2.1 | 54-89-98-6D-4F-03 | 00e0-fc77-29cd |
AR1到AR2 | 192.168.1.1 | 192.168.2.1 | 00e0-fc77-29cc | 00e0-fcfa-2da3 |
AR2到PC2 | 192.168.1.1 | 192.168.2.1 | 00e0-fcfa-2da4 | 54-89-98-58-53-1D |
另附三道实验练习题及配置
1.静态路由+默认路由
实验要求:R1配置默认路由,R2、R3配置静态路由,使PC1和PC2可以访问server1
(1)R1配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet2/0/0
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.10.2
(2)R2配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.20.2
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
ip route-static 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1
(3)R3配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.20.1
(4)检验
PC1、PC2可以ping通 server1
2.静态路由+浮动路由
实验要求:1、配置浮动路由,实现PC1到PC2互通
2、断掉R1和R2之间的链路,观察路由表变化,PC1到PC2任然互通
(1)R1配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 12.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet2/0/0
ip address 13.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.2
ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.2 preference 70
#
(2)R2配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet2/0/0
ip address 23.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 23.0.0.2 preference 70
ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
#
(3)R3配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 13.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.1
ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 23.0.0.1
#
(4)查看链路正常路由表,查看通信状态
(5)断开R1.R2间的链路,查看路由表和通信状态
3.全网互通
(1)R1配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 12.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 13.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet2/0/0
ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.2
ip route-static 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.2
#
(2)R2配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 13.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
ip route-static 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
(3)R3配置
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 13.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0
#
interface NULL0
#
ip route-static 12.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.1
ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.1
ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 13.0.0.1
(4)检验