C语言结构体对齐，超详细，超易懂

结构体对齐规则

• 结构体的第一个成员总是存储在结构体变量开辟的空间的起始地址。
• 其它成员变量要存储在一个名叫对齐数的整数倍的地址。

  • 不同的编译器有着不同的对齐数，例如Visual Studio Code的编译器的对齐数是8，Linux的编译器的对齐数是4。
  • 结构体的对齐数是变量大小和编译器对齐数的比较的较小值，例如在Linux下char变量的对齐数是1，int变量的对齐数是4，char *变量的对齐数是4。

• 结构体总大小为最大对齐数的整数倍，结构体内每一个变量都会产生一个对齐数，取其最大的对齐数。
• 如果是嵌套结构体，那么嵌套的结构体存储在自己成员的最大对齐数的整数倍地址处，嵌套结构体大小为所有成员（包括嵌套的结构体的成员）的最大对齐数的整数倍。

结构体Tmp与结构体Cmd，结构体Msg的变量在内存的存放位置

 结构体Tmp，大小为12

结构体Cmd，大小为8

 

结构体Msg，大小为8 

示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>


struct Tmp
{
        char c1;
        int a;
        char c2;
};

struct Cmd
{
        char c1;
        char c2;
        int a;
};

struct Msg
{
        int a;
        char c1;
        char c2;
};

int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
        struct Tmp t;
        struct Cmd c;
        struct Msg m;

        memset(&t,0,sizeof(struct Tmp));
        memset(&c,0,sizeof(struct Cmd));
        memset(&m,0,sizeof(struct Msg));

        printf("int size is %ld\n",sizeof(int)); //4
        printf("char size is %ld\n",sizeof(char)); //1
        printf("int* size is %ld\n",sizeof(int *)); //8
        printf("char* size is %ld\n",sizeof(char *)); //8

        printf("Tmp struct size is %ld\n",sizeof(struct Tmp)); //12
        printf("Tmp struct variable size is %ld\n",sizeof(t)); //12
		printf("Cmd struct size is %ld\n",sizeof(struct Cmd)); //8
        printf("Cmd struct variable size is %ld\n",sizeof(c)); //8
        printf("Msg struct size is %ld\n",sizeof(struct Msg)); //8
        printf("Msg struct variable size is %ld\n",sizeof(m)); //8

        return 0;
}

 

嵌套结构体对齐

 嵌套结构体Msg1，大小为2​​4

 嵌套结构体Msg2，大小为16

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Tmp // size = 16
{
    char tc1;
    int ta;
    char tc2;
    int tc3;
};

struct Cmd // size = 8
{
    char cc1;
    char cc2;
    int ca;
};

struct Msg1
{
    int a;
    char c1;
    char c2;
    struct Tmp t;
};

struct Msg2
{
    int a;
    char c1;
    char c2;
    struct Cmd c;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct Tmp t;
    struct Cmd c;
    struct Msg1 m1;
    struct Msg2 m2;

    memset(&t, 0, sizeof(struct Tmp));
    memset(&c, 0, sizeof(struct Cmd));
    memset(&m1, 0, sizeof(struct Msg1));
    memset(&m2, 0, sizeof(struct Msg2));

    printf("Tmp struct size is %ld\n", sizeof(struct Tmp)); // 16
    printf("Cmd struct size is %ld\n", sizeof(struct Cmd)); // 8

    printf("Msg1 struct size is %ld\n", sizeof(struct Msg1)); // 24
    printf("Msg1 struct variable size is %ld\n", sizeof(m1)); // 24

    printf("Msg2 struct size is %ld\n", sizeof(struct Msg2)); // 16
    printf("Msg2 struct variable size is %ld\n", sizeof(m2)); // 16

    return 0;
}