静态路由_基础实验
任务描述:
1 除R5的环回地址以固定外,整个其他所有的网段基于192.168.1.0/24进行合理的IP地址划分
2 R1-R4每天路由器存在两个环回接口,用于模拟连接pc的网段;地址也在192.168.1.0/24这个网络范围内
3 R1-R4上不能直接编写到达5.5.5.0/24的静态路由,但依然可以访问
4 全网可达,尽量减少每台路由器,路由表条目的数量;避免环路出现
5 R4与R5间,正常1000M链路通信,故障时自动改为100M
基于192.168.1.0/24进行合适的网段划分:
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.00000001.00000000 (192.168.1.0)
255.255.11111111.00000000 (255.255.255.0)_24
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
骨干网段:
192.168.00000001 000 00000 (192.168.1.0)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
骨干网段1:
192.168.00000001 000 000 00 (192.168.1.0)~(.1-.2)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
骨干网段2:
192.168.00000001 000 001 00 (192.168.1.4)~(.5-.6)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
骨干网段3:
192.168.00000001 000 010 00 (192.168.1.8)~(.9-.10)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
骨干网段4:
192.168.00000001 000 011 00 (192.168.1.12)~(.13-.14)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
骨干网段5:
192.168.00000001 000 100 00 (192.168.1.16)~(.17-.18)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
骨干网段6:
192.168.00000001 000 101 00 (192.168.1.20)~(.21-.22)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
备用骨干网段7:
192.168.00000001 000 110 00 (192.168.1.24)~(.25-.26)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
备用骨干网段8:
192.168.00000001 000 111 00 (192.168.1.28)~(.29-.30)
255.255.11111111 111 111 00 (255.255.255.224)_30
R1网段:
192.168.00000001 001 00000 (192.168.1.32)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
R1网段划分1:
192.168.00000001 001 0 0000 (192.168.1.32)~(.33-.47)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R1网段划分2:
192.168.00000001 001 1 0000 (192.168.1.48)~(.49-.63)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R2网段:
192.168.00000001 010 00000 (192.168.1.64)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
R2网段划分1:
192.168.00000001 010 0 0000 (192.168.1.64)~(.65-.79)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R2网段划分2:
192.168.00000001 010 1 0000 (192.168.1.80)~(.81-.95)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R3网段:
192.168.00000001 011 00000 (192.168.1.96)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
R3网段划分1:
192.168.00000001 011 0 0000 (192.168.1.96)~(.95-.111)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R3网段划分2:
192.168.00000001 011 1 0000 (192.168.1.112)~(.113-.127)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R4网段:
192.168.00000001 100 00000 (192.168.1.128)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
R4网段划分1:
192.168.00000001 100 0 0000 (192.168.1.128)~(.129-.143)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
R4网段划分2:
192.168.00000001 100 1 0000 (192.168.1.144)~(.145-.159)
255.255.11111111 111 1 0000 (255.255.255.240)_28
备用网段1:
192.168.00000001 101 00000 (192.168.1.160)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
备用网段2:
192.168.00000001 110 00000 (192.168.1.192)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
备用网段3:
192.168.00000001 111 00000 (192.168.1.224)
255.255.11111111 111 00000 (255.255.255.224)_27
由划分的网段搭建静态路由基础实验的拓扑图:
路由器的配置指令及配置说明:
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 |
路由器本地环回接口的网段 | ||||
sys sysname R1 interface LoopBack 0 ip address 192.168.1.33 28 interface LoopBack 1 ip address 192.168.1.49 28 | sys sysname R2 interface LoopBack 0 ip address 192.168.1.65 28 interface LoopBack 1 ip address 192.168.1.81 28 | sys sysname R3 interface LoopBack 0 ip address 192.168.1.97 28 interface LoopBack 1 ip address 192.168.1.113 28 | sys sysname R4 interface LoopBack 0 ip address 192.168.1.129 28 interface LoopBack 1 ip address 192.168.1.145 28 | sys sysname R5 interface LoopBack 0 ip address 5.5.5.5 24 |
路由器端口的IP地址配置 | ||||
q int g0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 30 int g0/0/1 ip address 192.168.1.5 30 q | q int g0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.2 30 int g0/0/1 ip address 192.168.1.9 30 q | q int g0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.6 30 int g0/0/1 ip address 192.168.1.13 30 q | q int g0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.10 30 int g0/0/1 ip address 192.168.1.17 30 int g0/0/2 ip address 192.168.1.14 30 int e0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.21 30 q | q int g0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.18 30 int e0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.22 30 q |
路由器静态路由的配置 | ||||
ip route-static 192.168.1.8 30 192.168.1.2 ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.2 | ip route-static 192.168.1.4 30 192.168.1.1 ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.1 | ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.5 ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.5 | ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.9 ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.9 | ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.17 ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.17 |
缺省路由方式访问R5以外的5.5.5.5/24 | ||||
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.2 ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.6 | ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.10 | ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.14 | ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.18 | |
避免因缺省路由的使用造成访问过程中出现的路由黑洞及环路 | ||||
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 NULL 0 | ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 NULL 0 | ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 NULL 0 | ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 NULL 0 |
为R4与R5间,正常1000M链路通信,故障时自动改为100M | |
R4 | ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.22 preference 61 |
R5 | ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.8 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.12 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.96 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61 ip route-static 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61 |
R1 路由完成配置信息(路由表及配置命令):
R1:
sys
sysname R1
interface LoopBack 0
ip address 192.168.1.33 28
interface LoopBack 1
ip address 192.168.1.49 28
q
int g0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 30
int g0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.5 30
q
ip route-static 192.168.1.8 30 192.168.1.2
ip route-static 192.168.1.12 30 192.168.1.6
ip route-static 192.168.1.16 30 192.168.1.2
ip route-static 192.168.1.16 30 192.168.1.6
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.2
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 192.168.1.6
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.2
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.6
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.2
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.6
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 NULL 0
q
save
y
R2 路由信息:
R2:
sys
sysname R2
interface LoopBack 0
ip address 192.168.1.65 28
interface LoopBack 1
ip address 192.168.1.81 28
q
int g0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.2 30
int g0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.9 30
q
ip route-static 192.168.1.4 30 192.168.1.1
ip route-static 192.168.1.12 30 192.168.1.10
ip route-static 192.168.1.16 30 192.168.1.10
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.1
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 192.168.1.1
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 192.168.1.10
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.10
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.10
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 NULL 0
q
save
y
R3 路由信息:
R3
sys
sysname R3
interface LoopBack 0
ip address 192.168.1.97 28
interface LoopBack 1
ip address 192.168.1.113 28
q
int g0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.6 30
int g0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.13 30
q
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.5
ip route-static 192.168.1.8 30 192.168.1.14
ip route-static 192.168.1.16 30 192.168.1.14
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.5
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.5
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.14
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.14
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.14
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 NULL 0
q
save
y
R4 路由信息:
R4:
sys
sysname R4
interface LoopBack 0
ip address 192.168.1.129 28
interface LoopBack 1
ip address 192.168.1.145 28
q
int g0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.10 30
int g0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.17 30
int g0/0/2
ip address 192.168.1.14 30
int e0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.21 30
q
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.9
ip route-static 192.168.1.4 30 192.168.1.13
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.9
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 192.168.1.13
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.9
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.13
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.18
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 NULL 0
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.1.22 preference 61
q
save
y
R5 路由信息:
R5:
sys
sysname R5
interface LoopBack 0
ip address 5.5.5.5 24
q
int g0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.18 30
int e0/0/0
ip address 192.168.1.22 30
q
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 30 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.4 30 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.8 30 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.12 30 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 27 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 27 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 27 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 27 192.168.1.17
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.8 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.12 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.96 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61
ip route-static 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.21 preference 61
int g0/0/0
shutdown
display ip routing-table
undo shutdown
display ip routing-table
q
q
save
y
连通测试:
名词解释及命令格式:
负载均衡 -- 当路由器需要访问一个目标,同时具有多条开销相似路径时;可以让设备将流量拆分后延多条路径同时传输;
环回接口 路由器上通过创建环回接口,同时配置该接口ip地址的后,可用于测试该路由器是否可以正常进行TCP/IP的封装及解封装;
在实验环境中也可用于模拟连接终端设备的物理接口,来降低实验的成本;
[r1]interface LoopBack 0
[r1-LoopBack0]ip address 1.1.1.1 24
手工汇总
当路由器访问多个连续子网(可以被汇总计算的网段),且通过相同的路径时,可以将这些网段进行汇总计算后,仅编写到达汇总网段的路由条目即可;大大减少了路由条目的编写数量,减少了路由表条目的数量,最终加快了路由器查表的效率;
路由黑洞
汇总的路由条目中,若包含了网络内实际不存在的网段,那么在访问这些网段时将出现有去无回的现象,导致设备的计算资源被浪费;
主动黑洞:地址规划导致的不存在网段被汇总路由包含
被动黑洞:部分被汇总的明细网段,在实际工程中被临时断开而出现的黑洞
缺省路由-- 默认路由
一条不限定目标的路由条目;路由器在查询完本地所有的直连、静态、动态路由后若依然没有可达路径才会使用缺省路由;
[r1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 12.1.1.2
空接口
当缺省路由和路由黑洞相遇后,将必然出现环路
在黑洞路由器上配置一条到达汇总网段的空接口路由,可用于防止环路的出现;无论被动还是主动黑洞;
[r1]ip route-static 1.1.0.0 22 NULL 0
浮动静态
通过修改静态路由默认的优先级,起到路径备份的效果;静态路由默认优先级60;
[r1]ip route-static 99.1.1.0 24 21.1.1.2 preference 61