Linux磁盘扩容（非lvm）操作手册

Linux磁盘扩容（非lvm）操作手册

早期Linux 只支持 MBR ，后面支持了MBR和GPT两种类型。
长期使用传统的分区工具一般都是用 fdisk，但是 fdisk 是很早用法，它只支持 MBR（Master Boot Record），并不支持新型的 GPT（GUID Partition Table）类型，不能操作超过2T的磁盘，因此使用gdisk，parted 等分区工具。

1.磁盘查看及新磁盘添加扫描（非关机）

# 服务器文件系统容量
[root@db02 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs       devtmpfs  7.7G     0  7.7G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     7.7G     0  7.7G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     7.7G  153M  7.6G   2% /run
tmpfs          tmpfs     7.7G     0  7.7G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda4      xfs        41G  4.5G   36G  11% /
/dev/sda2      xfs      1014M  204M  811M  21% /boot
/dev/sda1      vfat      599M  7.3M  592M   2% /boot/efi
/dev/sdb1      xfs       200G  182G   19G  91% /mysqldata    #文件系统挂载为200G
tmpfs          tmpfs     1.6G     0  1.6G   0% /run/user/0



# 服务器磁盘容量检查
[root@db02 ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  600M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda3   8:3    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda4   8:4    0 40.4G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  200G  0 disk               #磁盘容量为200G
└─sdb1   8:17   0  200G  0 part
sr0     11:0    1   11G  0 rom



# 服务器扫描新增磁盘（在服务器上加入新的磁盘，非关机识别）
[root@db02 ~]# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
0:0:0:0  0:0:1:0  3:0:0:0
[root@db02 ~]# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
[root@db02 ~]# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:1\:0/device/rescan
[root@db02 ~]# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
[root@db02 ~]# lsblk                        # 检查磁盘是否识别
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  600M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda3   8:3    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda4   8:4    0 40.4G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  300G  0 disk              #磁盘容量为300G
└─sdb1   8:17   0  200G  0 part
sr0     11:0    1   11G  0 rom

2. 非逻辑卷扩容

# 检查类型及容量
[root@db02 ~]# fdisk -l
GPT PMBR size mismatch (419430399 != 629145599) will be corrected by write.
The backup GPT table is not on the end of the device. This problem will be corrected by write.
Disk /dev/sdb: 300 GiB, 322122547200 bytes, 629145600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt                         #类型为gpt
Disk identifier: 8EC899B5-CB0E-451B-A11A-BECBFCEBFD9D

Device     Start       End   Sectors  Size Type
/dev/sdb1   2048 419428351 419426304  200G Linux filesystem


Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 0C766FF6-F4BF-423B-B9E4-4357350A7E10

Device        Start       End  Sectors  Size Type
/dev/sda1      2048   1230847  1228800  600M EFI System
/dev/sda2   1230848   3327999  2097152    1G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda3   3328000  20105215 16777216    8G Linux swap
/dev/sda4  20105216 104855551 84750336 40.4G Linux filesystem

# 卸载服务器挂载的文件系统
[root@db02 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1
[root@db02 ~]# df -h     #检查已经卸载


# 使用parted分区工具，进行磁盘分区
[root@db02 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) h           #查看帮助，会显示parted的使用
  align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
  help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND
  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)
  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition
  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME
  print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]     display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
  quit                                     exit program
  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END
  resizepart NUMBER END                    resize partition NUMBER
  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER
  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit
  disk_set FLAG STATE                      change the FLAG on selected device
  disk_toggle [FLAG]                       toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT
  version                                  display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) print     #打印查看详细磁盘分区信息        
Warning: Not all of the space available to /dev/sdb appears to be used, you can fix the GPT to use all of the space (an extra 209715200 blocks) or continue with the
current setting?
Fix/Ignore? fix    #重新修正分区信息
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 322GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
 1      1049kB  215GB  215GB  xfs          primary

(parted) resizepart   #重置调整分区的大小
Partition number? 1   #输入重置的分区号
End?  [215GB]? 100%   #输入重置分区的大小,“100%”是指剩余的所有分区都划分，也可以输入“322GB”总
(parted) print        #重新查看分区大小
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 322GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
 1      1049kB  322GB  322GB  xfs          primary

(parted) quit          #完成退出
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

3.重载及挂载

# 查看当前分区大小
[root@db02 ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  600M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2   8:2    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda3   8:3    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda4   8:4    0 40.4G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0  300G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0  300G  0 part
sr0     11:0    1   11G  0 rom


# 磁盘挂载
[root@db02 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mysqldata/
[root@db02 ~]# df -Th | grep mysqldata   #查看容量为200G
/dev/sdb1      xfs       200G  147G   53G  74% /mysqldata


#重新检查容量，刷新检查
[root@db02 ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=13107072 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1    bigtime=0 inobtcount=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=52428288, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=25599, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 52428288 to 78642939
[root@db02 ~]# df -Th | grep mysqldata
/dev/sdb1      xfs       300G  148G  153G  50% /mysqldata
[root@db02 ~]#


#测试文件系统的可用性（至此完成扩容）
[root@db02 ~]# echo 123 > /mysqldata/test.txt
[root@db02 ~]# ls /mysqldata/
backup  data  test.txt  zabbix0.sql
[root@db02 ~]# cat  /mysqldata/test.txt
123