文章目录
11.多变量问题的处理技巧
(1)等比例法or等和法处理多变量
P r a . 11.1 Pra.11.1 Pra.11.1
已知 f ( x ) = x e − x f(x)=xe^{-x} f(x)=xe−x,若 x 1 ≠ x 2 , f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x_1 \neq x_2,f(x_1)=f(x_2) x1=x2,f(x1)=f(x2),证明: x 1 + x 2 > 2 x_1+x_2>2 x1+x2>2
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:不妨令 x 1 < x 2 x_1<x_2 x1<x2,显然 x 1 > 0 x_1>0 x1>0
令:
t
=
x
2
x
1
>
1
⇒
x
2
=
t
x
1
t=\frac{x_2}{x_1}>1\Rightarrow x_2=tx_1
t=x1x2>1⇒x2=tx1
有:
t
x
1
e
−
t
x
1
=
x
1
e
−
x
1
tx_1e^{-tx_1}=x_1e^{-x_1}
tx1e−tx1=x1e−x1
所以:
{
x
1
=
ln
t
t
−
1
x
2
=
t
ln
t
t
−
1
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x_1=\frac{\ln t}{t-1}\\ x_2=\frac{t\ln t}{t-1} \end{aligned} \right.
⎩
⎨
⎧x1=t−1lntx2=t−1tlnt
证明
t
>
1
t>1
t>1时:
(
t
+
1
)
ln
t
t
−
1
>
2
\frac{(t+1)\ln t}{t-1}>2
t−1(t+1)lnt>2
即可,采用对数处理技巧,等价于证明:
ln
t
−
2
(
t
−
1
)
t
+
1
>
0
\ln t-\frac{2(t-1)}{t+1}>0
lnt−t+12(t−1)>0
即可,证明略。
(2)变换主元法处理多变量
P r a . 11.2 Pra.11.2 Pra.11.2
已知函数 f ( x ) = 1 2 x 2 − a ln x f(x)=\frac 1 2x^2-a\ln x f(x)=21x2−alnx.
(1)若函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ 1 2 , + ∞ ) [\frac 1 2,+\infty) [21,+∞)单调递增,求 a a a的范围;
(2)设正实数 m 1 , m 2 , m 1 + m 2 = 1 m_1,m_2,m_1+m_2=1 m1,m2,m1+m2=1,当 a > 0 a>0 a>0时, ∀ x 1 , x 2 > 0 \forall x_1,x_2>0 ∀x1,x2>0,
求证:
f
(
m
1
x
1
+
m
2
x
2
)
≤
m
1
f
(
x
1
)
+
m
2
f
(
x
2
)
f(m_1x_1+m_2x_2)\leq m_1f(x_1)+m_2f(x_2)
f(m1x1+m2x2)≤m1f(x1)+m2f(x2)
(3)
a
=
2
a=2
a=2时,设
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
>
0
,
x
1
+
x
2
+
x
3
=
3
x_1,x_2,x_3>0,x_1+x_2+x_3=3
x1,x2,x3>0,x1+x2+x3=3,求
f
(
x
1
)
+
f
(
x
2
)
+
f
(
x
3
)
f(x_1)+f(x_2)+f(x_3)
f(x1)+f(x2)+f(x3)的最小值.
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: a ≤ 1 4 a\leq \frac 1 4 a≤41,证明题把 x 1 x_1 x1看作主元即可,即等价于证明:
g ( x ) = f ( m 1 x + m 2 x 2 ) − m 1 f ( x ) − m 2 f ( x 2 ) ≤ 0 , x 2 > 0 , ∀ x > 0 g(x)=f(m_1x+m_2x_2)-m_1f(x)-m_2f(x_2)\leq0,x_2>0,\forall x>0 g(x)=f(m1x+m2x2)−m1f(x)−m2f(x2)≤0,x2>0,∀x>0
考虑到:
g
(
x
2
)
=
f
(
m
1
x
2
+
m
2
x
2
)
−
m
1
f
(
x
2
)
−
m
2
f
(
x
2
)
=
0
g(x_2)=f(m_1x_2+m_2x_2)-m_1f(x_2)-m_2f(x_2)=0
g(x2)=f(m1x2+m2x2)−m1f(x2)−m2f(x2)=0
证明其是最大值即可,略。
第三问最小值为
3
2
\frac {3}{2}
23,根据第二问结合主元法推广为:
f
(
1
)
=
f
(
x
1
+
x
2
+
x
3
3
)
≤
1
3
f
(
x
1
)
+
1
3
f
(
x
2
)
+
1
3
f
(
x
3
)
f(1)=f(\frac{x_1+x_2+x_3}{3})\leq \frac{1}{3}f(x_1)+\frac{1}{3}f(x_2)+\frac{1}{3}f(x_3)
f(1)=f(3x1+x2+x3)≤31f(x1)+31f(x2)+31f(x3)
即可。
P r a . 11.3 Pra.11.3 Pra.11.3
已知函数 f ( x ) = f ′ ( 1 ) e x − 1 − f ( 0 ) x + 1 2 x 2 f(x)=f'(1)e^{x-1}-f(0)x+\frac 1 2x^2 f(x)=f′(1)ex−1−f(0)x+21x2.
(1)求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)解析式;
(2)若:
f
(
x
)
≥
1
2
x
2
+
a
x
+
b
f(x)\geq\frac 1 2x^2+ax+b
f(x)≥21x2+ax+b
恒成立,求
(
a
+
1
)
b
(a+1)b
(a+1)b的最大值.
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution: f ( x ) = e x − x + 1 2 x 2 f(x)=e^x-x+\frac 1 2x^2 f(x)=ex−x+21x2,最大值为 e 2 \frac e 2 2e
P r a . 11.4 Pra.11.4 Pra.11.4
求函数 f ( x , t ) = e 2 x − 2 t ( e x + x ) + x 2 + 2 t 2 + 1 f(x,t)=e^{2x}-2t(e^x+x)+x^2+2t^2+1 f(x,t)=e2x−2t(ex+x)+x2+2t2+1的最小值.
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:主元法or权方和不等式即可,最小值为 3 2 \frac 3 2 23
(3)韦达定理处理多变量
P r a . 11.5 Pra.11.5 Pra.11.5
已知函数 f ( x ) = ln x + x 2 − a x f(x)=\ln x+x^2-ax f(x)=lnx+x2−ax.
(1)求其单调区间;
(2)设其存在两个极值点
x
1
<
x
2
x_1<x_2
x1<x2且
x
1
<
1
2
x_1<\frac 1 2
x1<21,求证:
f
(
x
1
)
−
f
(
x
2
)
>
3
4
−
ln
2
f(x_1)-f(x_2)>\frac 3 4 -\ln 2
f(x1)−f(x2)>43−ln2
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:略。
P r a . 11.6 Pra.11.6 Pra.11.6
已知函数 f ( x ) = a x 2 − ( 2 a + 1 ) x + ln x f(x)=ax^2-(2a+1)x+\ln x f(x)=ax2−(2a+1)x+lnx.
(1)当 a > 0 a>0 a>0时,求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的单调区间;
(2)设
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
+
2
a
x
f(x)=f(x)+2ax
f(x)=f(x)+2ax,若
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x)有两个极值点
x
1
,
x
2
x_1,x_2
x1,x2,且:
g
(
x
1
)
+
g
(
x
2
)
<
λ
(
x
1
+
x
2
)
g(x_1)+g(x_2)<\lambda(x_1+x_2)
g(x1)+g(x2)<λ(x1+x2)
恒成立,求实数
λ
\lambda
λ的取值范围.
- S o l u t i o n Solution Solution:单调区间略,取值范围为:
λ > 1 e 2 − 1 2 \lambda>\frac{1}{e^2}-\frac1 2 λ>e21−21