Python接口自动化浅析requests请求封装

以下主要介绍如何封装请求

还记得我们之前写的get请求、post请求么？

大家应该有体会，每个请求类型都写成单独的函数，代码复用性不强。

接下来将请求类型都封装起来，自动化用例都可以用这个封装的请求类进行请求

将常用的get、post请求封装起来

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import requests class RequestHandler:     def get(self, url, **kwargs):         """封装get方法"""         # 获取请求参数         params = kwargs.get("params")         headers = kwargs.get("headers")         try:             result = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers)             return result         except Exception as e:             print("get请求错误: %s" % e)     def post(self, url, **kwargs):         """封装post方法"""         # 获取请求参数         params = kwargs.get("params")         data = kwargs.get("data")         json = kwargs.get("json")         try:             result = requests.post(url, params=params, data=data, json=json)             return result         except Exception as e:             print("post请求错误: %s" % e)     def run_main(self, method, **kwargs):         """         判断请求类型         :param method: 请求接口类型         :param kwargs: 选填参数         :return: 接口返回内容         """         if method == 'get':             result = self.get(**kwargs)             return result         elif method == 'post':             result = self.post(**kwargs)             return result         else:             print('请求接口类型错误') if __name__ == '__main__':     # 以下是测试代码     # get请求接口     url = 'https://api.apiopen.top/getJoke?page=1&count=2&type=video'     res = RequestHandler().get(url)     # post请求接口     url2 = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'     payload = {         "username": "vivi",         "password": "123456"     }     res2 = RequestHandler().post(url2,json=payload)     print(res.json())     print(res2.json())

请求结果如下：

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'message': '成功!', 'result': [{'sid': '31004305', 'text': '羊：师傅，理个发，稍微修一下就行', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4', 'images': None, 'up': '95', 'down': '1', 'forward': '0', 'comment': '25', 'uid': '23189193', 'name': '青川小舟', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content':None, 'top_comments_voiceuri': None, 'top_comments_uid': None, 'top_comments_name': None, 'top_comments_header': None, 'passtime': '2020-04-12 01:43:02'}, {'sid': '30559863', 'text': '机器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都会，价格239000元', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4', 'images': None, 'up': '80', 'down': '6', 'forward': '3', 'comment': '20', 'uid': '23131273', 'name': '水到渠成', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content': '为游戏做的秀', 'top_comments_voiceuri': '', 'top_comments_uid': '10250040', 'top_comments_name': '不得姐用户', 'top_comments_header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile', 'passtime': '2020-04-11 20:43:49'}]} {'token': 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4NTc0MzcsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.k6y0dAfNU2o9Hd9LFfxEk1HKgczlQfUaKE-imPfTsm4', 'user_id': 1,  'username': 'vivi'}

这样就完美了吗，no,no,no。

以上代码痛点如下：

代码量大：只是封装了get、post请求，加上其他请求类型，代码量较大；

缺少会话管理：请求之间如何保持会话状态。

我们再来回顾下get、post等请求源码，看下是否有啥特点。

get请求源码：

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def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):     r"""Sends a GET request.     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send         in the query string for the :class:`Request`.     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object     :rtype: requests.Response     """     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)     return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

post请求源码：

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def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):     r"""Sends a POST request.     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like         object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object     :rtype: requests.Response     """     return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

仔细研究下，发现get、post请求返回的都是request函数。

再来研究下request源码：

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def request(method, url, **kwargs):     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send         in the query string for the :class:`Request`.     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like         object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``         or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers         to add for the file.     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.     :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.     :type timeout: float or tuple     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.     :type allow_redirects: bool     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.     :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify             the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path             to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object     :rtype: requests.Response     Usage::       >>> import requests       >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')       <Response [200]>     """     # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we     # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some     # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.     with sessions.Session() as session:         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

源码看起来很长，其实只有三行，大部分是代码注释。

从源码中可以看出，不管是get还是post亦或其他请求类型，最终都是调用request函数。

既然这样，我们可以不像之前那样，在类内定义get方法、post方法，而是定义一个通用的方法

直接调用request函数

看起来有点绕，用代码实现就清晰了。

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import requests class RequestHandler:     def __init__(self):         """session管理器"""         self.session = requests.session()     def visit(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs):         return self.session.request(method,url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers,**kwargs)     def close_session(self):         """关闭session"""         self.session.close() if __name__ == '__main__':     # 以下是测试代码     # post请求接口     url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'     payload = {         "username": "vivi",         "password": "123456"     }     req = RequestHandler()     login_res = req.visit("post", url, json=payload)     print(login_res.text)

响应结果：

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{     "token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4Njk3ODQsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.OD4HIv8G0HZ_RCk-GTVAZ9ADRjwqr3o0E32CC_2JMLg",     "user_id": 1,     "username": "vivi" }

这次请求封装简洁实用，当然小伙伴们也可以根据自己的需求自行封装。

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