SQLZOO 答案—完整版

sqlzoo练习题答，已更完。

SELECT basics

1. The example uses a WHERE clause to show the population of ‘France’. Note that strings (pieces of text that are data) should be in ‘single quotes’;
   Modify it to show the population of Germany

SELECT population FROM world
WHERE name = 'Germany'

2. Checking a list The word IN allows us to check if an item is in a list. The example shows the name and population for the countries ‘Brazil’, ‘Russia’, ‘India’ and ‘China’.
   Show the name and the population for ‘Sweden’, ‘Norway’ and ‘Denmark’.

SELECT name, population FROM world
WHERE name IN ('Sweden', 'Norway', 'Denmark');

3. Which countries are not too small and not too big? BETWEEN allows range checking (range specified is inclusive of boundary values). The example below shows countries with an area of 250,000-300,000 sq. km. Modify it to show the country and the area for countries with an area between 200,000 and 250,000.

SELECT name, area FROM world
WHERE area BETWEEN 200000 AND 250000

SELECT from WORLD

1. Read the notes about this table. Observe the result of running this SQL command to show the name, continent and population of all countries.

SELECT name, continent, population FROM world;

2. How to use WHERE to filter records. Show the name for the countries that have a population of at least 200 million. 200 million is 200000000, there are eight zeros.

SELECT name FROM world
WHERE population >= 200000000;

3. Give the name and the per capita GDP for those countries with a population of at least 200 million
   HELP:How to calculate per capita GDP
   per capita GDP is the GDP divided by the population GDP/population

select name, gdp/population from world 
where population >= 200000000;

4. Show the name and population in millions for the countries of the continent ‘South America’. Divide the population by 1000000 to get population in millions.

select name,population/1000000 from world 
where continent = 'South America';

5. Show the name and population for France, Germany, Italy

select name, population from world 
where name IN('France','Germany','Italy');

6. Show the countries which have a name that includes the word ‘United’

select name from world 
where name like '%United%';

7. Two ways to be big: A country is big if it has an area of more than 3 million sq km or it has a population of more than 250 million.
   Show the countries that are big by area or big by population. Show name, population and area.

select name, population, area from world 
where area >= 3000000 or population >= 250000000;

8. Exclusive OR (XOR). Show the countries that are big by area (more than 3 million) or big by population (more than 250 million) but not both. Show name, population and area.
   Australia has a big area but a small population, it should be included.
   Indonesia has a big population but a small area, it should be included.
   China has a big population and big area, it should be excluded.
   United Kingdom has a small population and a small area, it should be excluded.

select name, population, area from world 
where 
(area >= 3000000 and population <= 250000000)
or
(area <= 3000000 and population >= 250000000);

9. Show the name and population in millions and the GDP in billions for the countries of the continent ‘South America’. Use the ROUND function to show the values to two decimal places.
   For South America show population in millions and GDP in billions both to 2 decimal places.
   Millions and billions
   Divide by 1000000 (6 zeros) for millions. Divide by 1000000000 (9 zeros) for billions.

select name, round(population/1000000,2), round(gdp/1000000000,2) 
from world 
where continent = 'South America';

10. Show the name and per-capita GDP for those countries with a GDP of at least one trillion (1000000000000; that is 12 zeros). Round this value to the nearest 1000.
    Show per-capita GDP for the trillion dollar countries to the nearest $1000.

select name, round(gdp/population,-3) from world 
where gdp >= 1000000000000;

或

select name,round(GDP/population/1000,0)*1000 from world 
where gdp>=1000000000000

11. Greece has capital Athens.
    Each of the strings ‘Greece’, and ‘Athens’ has 6 characters.
    Show the name and capital where the name and the capital have the same number of characters.
    You can use the LENGTH function to find the number of characters in a string

SELECT name,capital 
FROM world
WHERE LENGTH(name) = LENGTH(capital)

12. The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. Both words start with the letter ‘S’.
    Show the name and the capital where the first letters of each match. Don’t include countries where the name and the capital are the same word.
    You can use the function LEFT to isolate the first character.
    You can use <> as the NOT EQUALS operator.

SELECT name, capital
FROM world
WHERE
LEFT(name,1) = LEFT(capital,1)
AND
name <> capital

13. Equatorial Guinea and Dominican Republic have all of the vowels (a e i o u) in the name. They don’t count because they have more than one word in the name.
    Find the country that has all the vowels and no spaces in its name.
    You can use the phrase name NOT LIKE ‘%a%’ to exclude characters from your results.
    The query shown misses countries like Bahamas and Belarus because they contain at least one ‘a’

SELECT name
FROM world
WHERE (name LIKE '%a%'
AND name LIKE '%e%'
AND name LIKE '%i%'
AND name LIKE '%o%'
AND name LIKE '%u%')
AND name not like '% %'

SELECT from Nobel

1. Change the query shown so that it displays Nobel prizes for 1950.

SELECT yr, subject, winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1950

2. Show who won the 1962 prize for Literature.

SELECT winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1962
AND subject = 'Literature'

3. Show the year and subject that won ‘Albert Einstein’ his prize.

SELECT yr, subject 
FROM nobel
WHERE winner = 'Albert Einstein'

4. Give the name of the ‘Peace’ winners since the year 2000, including 2000.

SELECT winner 
FROM nobel
WHERE yr >= 2000
AND subject = 'Peace'

5. Show all details (yr, subject, winner) of the Literature prize winners for 1980 to 1989 inclusive.

SELECT * 
FROM nobel
WHERE subject = 'Literature'
AND yr BETWEEN 1980 AND 1989

6. Show all details of the presidential winners:
   Theodore Roosevelt
   Woodrow Wilson
   Jimmy Carter
   Barack Obama

SELECT * 
FROM nobel
WHERE 
winner IN ('Theodore Roosevelt', 
           'Woodrow Wilson', 
           'Jimmy Carter', 
           'Barack Obama')

7. Show the winners with first name John

SELECT winner 
FROM nobel
WHERE winner LIKE 'John%'

8. Show the year, subject, and name of Physics winners for 1980 together with the Chemistry winners for 1984.

SELECT * FROM nobel 
WHERE 
(subject = 'Physics' AND yr = 1980)
OR
(subject = 'Chemistry' AND yr = 1984)

9. Show the year, subject, and name of winners for 1980 excluding(不包括) Chemistry and Medicine

SELECT * FROM nobel 
WHERE 
yr = 1980 
AND 
subject NOT IN ('Chemistry', 'Medicine')

10. Show year, subject, and name of people who won a ‘Medicine’ prize in an early year (before 1910, not including 1910) together with winners of a ‘Literature’ prize in a later year (after 2004, including 2004)

SELECT * FROM nobel 
WHERE 
(subject = 'Medicine' AND yr < 1910)
OR
(subject = 'Literature' AND yr >= 2004)

11. Find all details of the prize won by PETER GRÜNBERG
    Non-ASCII characters
    The u in his name has an umlaut. You may find this link useful https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C#Keyboarding

SELECT * FROM nobel 
WHERE winner = 'PETER GRÜNBERG'

12. Find all details of the prize won by EUGENE O’NEILL
    Escaping single quotes
    You can’t put a single quote in a quote string directly. You can use two single quotes within a quoted string.

SELECT * FROM nobel 
WHERE winner = 'EUGENE O''NEILL'

13. Knights in order
    List the winners, year and subject where the winner starts with Sir. Show the the most recent first, then by name order.

SELECT winner, yr, subject FROM nobel 
WHERE winner LIKE 'Sir%' 
ORDER BY yr DESC , winner

14. The expression subject IN (‘Chemistry’,‘Physics’) can be used as a value - it will be 0 or 1.
    Show the 1984 winners and subject ordered by subject and winner name; but list Chemistry and Physics last.

SELECT winner, subject
  FROM nobel
  WHERE yr=1984
  ORDER BY subject IN ('Chemistry','Physics'),subject,winner

或

SELECT winner, subject 
FROM nobel
WHERE yr='1984'
ORDER BY 
CASE WHEN subject IN ('physics','chemistry') 
THEN 1
ELSE 0 
END,
subject,winner

注：若这两种方式执行不出笑脸，右上角设置，选择MySQL。

SELECT within SELECT

1. List each country name where the population is larger than that of ‘Russia’.

SELECT name FROM world
WHERE population >
     (SELECT population FROM world
      WHERE name='Russia')

2. Show the countries in Europe with a per capita GDP greater than ‘United Kingdom’.
   Per Capita GDP
   The per capita GDP is the gdp/population

select name from world 
where continent = 'Europe'
and
gdp/population > 
    (
    select gdp/population from world 
    where name = 'United Kingdom'
    )

3. List the name and continent of countries in the continents containing either Argentina or Australia. Order by name of the country.

select name, continent from world 
where continent in
    (select continent from world 
    where name = 'Australia' or name = 'Argentina')
order by name

4. Which country has a population that is more than Canada but less than Poland? Show the name and the population.

select name, population from world 
where 
population > 
    (select population from world where name = 'Canada')
and
population < 
    (select population from world where name = 'Poland')

5. Germany (population 80 million) has the largest population of the countries in Europe. Austria (population 8.5 million) has 11% of the population of Germany.
   Show the name and the population of each country in Europe. Show the population as a percentage of the population of Germany.

select 
name, 
concat(round(
population/(select population from world 
            where name = 'Germany')*100),'%') as percentage
from world 
where continent = 'Europe';

6. Which countries have a GDP greater than every country in Europe? [Give the name only.] (Some countries may have NULL gdp values)

select name from world 
where gdp >
		 all(select gdp from world
			where gdp > 0
			and continent = 'Europe')

7. Find the largest country (by area) in each continent, show the continent, the name and the area:

SELECT continent, name, area FROM world x
WHERE area >= ALL
			 (SELECT area FROM world y
			WHERE y.continent=x.continent
 			AND area>0)

8. List each continent and the name of the country that comes first alphabetically.

select continent, name from world a
where name = (select min(name) from world b
			where a.continent = b.continent)

9. Find the continents where all countries have a population <= 25000000. Then find the names of the countries associated with these continents. Show name, continent and population.

select name, continent, population from world a
where 25000000 >=all (select population from world b
                      where a.continent = b.continent)

10. Some countries have populations more than three times that of all of their neighbours (in the same continent). Give the countries and continents.

select name, continent from world a
where population/3 >= 
all(select population from world b 
    where a.continent = b.continent
    and a.name <> b.name)

SUM and COUNT

1. Show the total population of the world.

SELECT SUM(population)
FROM world

2. List all the continents - just once each.

select distinct continent from world

3. Give the total GDP of Africa

select Sum(gdp) from world
where continent = 'Africa'

4. How many countries have an area of at least 1000000

select count(*) from world 
where area >= 1000000

5. What is the total population of (‘Estonia’, ‘Latvia’, ‘Lithuania’)

select sum(population) from world 
where name IN ('Estonia', 'Latvia', 'Lithuania')

6. For each continent show the continent and number of countries.

select continent, count(name) from world 
group by continent 

7. For each continent show the continent and number of countries with populations of at least 10 million.

select continent, count(name) from world 
where population >= 10000000
group by continent

8. List the continents that have a total population of at least 100 million.

select continent from world 
group by continent 
having sum(population) >= 100000000

练习易错：

The JOIN operation

1. The first example shows the goal scored by a player with the last name ‘Bender’. The * says to list all the columns in the table - a shorter way of saying matchid, teamid, player, gtime
   Modify it to show the matchid and player name for all goals scored by Germany. To identify German players, check for: teamid = ‘GER’

SELECT matchid, player FROM goal 
WHERE teamid = 'GER'

2. From the previous query you can see that Lars Bender’s scored a goal in game 1012. Now we want to know what teams were playing in that match.
   Notice in the that the column matchid in the goal table corresponds to the id column in the game table. We can look up information about game 1012 by finding that row in the game table.
   Show id, stadium, team1, team2 for just game 1012

SELECT id,stadium,team1,team2
FROM game 
WHERE id = 1012

3. You can combine the two steps into a single query with a JOIN.
   SELECT *
   FROM game JOIN goal ON (id=matchid)
   The FROM clause says to merge data from the goal table with that from the game table. The ON says how to figure out which rows in game go with which rows in goal - the matchid from goal must match id from game. (If we wanted to be more clear/specific we could say
   ON (game.id=goal.matchid)
   The code below shows the player (from the goal) and stadium name (from the game table) for every goal scored.
   Modify it to show the player, teamid, stadium and mdate for every German goal.

SELECT player,teamid, stadium, mdate 
FROM game 
JOIN goal ON (id=matchid)
WHERE teamid = 'GER'

4. Use the same JOIN as in the previous question.
   Show the team1, team2 and player for every goal scored by a player called Mario player LIKE ‘Mario%’

SELECT team1, team2, player 
FROM game
JOIN goal ON (matchid=id)
WHERE player LIKE 'Mario%'

5. The table eteam gives details of every national team including the coach. You can JOIN goal to eteam using the phrase goal JOIN eteam on teamid=id
   Show player, teamid, coach, gtime for all goals scored in the first 10 minutes gtime<=10

SELECT player, teamid, coach, gtime
FROM goal 
JOIN eteam ON (id = teamid)
WHERE gtime<=10

6. To JOIN game with eteam you could use either
   game JOIN eteam ON (team1=eteam.id) or game JOIN eteam ON (team2=eteam.id)
   Notice that because id is a column name in both game and eteam you must specify eteam.id instead of just id
   List the dates of the matches and the name of the team in which ‘Fernando Santos’ was the team1 coach.

SELECT mdate, teamname 
FROM game g
JOIN eteam e ON g.team1 = e.id 
WHERE e.coach = 'Fernando Santos'

7. List the player for every goal scored in a game where the stadium was ‘National Stadium, Warsaw’

SELECT player FROM goal
JOIN game ON matchid = id 
WHERE stadium = 'National Stadium, Warsaw'

8. The example query shows all goals scored in the Germany-Greece quarterfinal.
   Instead show the name of all players who scored a goal against Germany.
   HINT
   Select goals scored only by non-German players in matches where GER was the id of either team1 or team2.
   You can use teamid!=‘GER’ to prevent listing German players.
   You can use DISTINCT to stop players being listed twice.

SELECT DISTINCT player 
FROM goal 
JOIN game ON matchid = id 
WHERE teamid != 'GER' 
AND (team1 = 'GER' or team2 = 'GER')

9. Show teamname and the total number of goals scored.
   COUNT and GROUP BY
   You should COUNT(*) in the SELECT line and GROUP BY teamname

SELECT teamname, COUNT(*) 
FROM eteam 
JOIN goal ON id = teamid
GROUP BY teamname

10. Show the stadium and the number of goals scored in each stadium.

SELECT stadium, COUNT(stadium)
FROM game a
JOIN goal b ON b.matchid = a.id
GROUP BY stadium

11. For every match involving ‘POL’, show the matchid, date and the number of goals scored.

SELECT matchid, mdate, COUNT(matchid)
FROM game 
JOIN goal ON matchid = id 
WHERE (team1 = 'POL' OR team2 = 'POL')
GROUP BY matchid, mdate

For every match where ‘GER’ scored, show matchid, match date and the number of goals scored by ‘GER’

SELECT matchid, mdate, COUNT(*) 
FROM goal 
JOIN game ON id = matchid 
WHERE teamid = 'GER'
GROUP BY matchid, mdate

13. List every match with the goals scored by each team as shown. This will use “CASE WHEN” which has not been explained in any previous exercises.
    Notice in the query given every goal is listed. If it was a team1 goal then a 1 appears in score1, otherwise there is a 0. You could SUM this column to get a count of the goals scored by team1. Sort your result by mdate, matchid, team1 and team2.
    

SELECT mdate,
team1,
SUM(CASE WHEN teamid=team1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) score1,
team2, 
SUM(CASE WHEN teamid=team2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) score2
FROM game 
LEFT JOIN goal ON matchid = id
GROUP BY mdate,team1,team2

More JOIN operations

1. List the films where the yr is 1962 [Show id, title]

SELECT id, title
FROM movie
WHERE yr=1962

2. Give year of ‘Citizen Kane’.

SELECT yr FROM movie 
WHERE title = 'Citizen Kane'

3. List all of the Star Trek movies, include the id, title and yr (all of these movies include the words Star Trek in the title). Order results by year.

SELECT id, title, yr FROM movie 
WHERE title LIKE '%Star Trek%' 
ORDER BY yr

4. What id number does the actor ‘Glenn Close’ have?

SELECT id FROM actor
WHERE name = 'Glenn Close'

5. What is the id of the film ‘Casablanca’

SELECT id FROM movie 
WHERE title = 'Casablanca'

6. Obtain the cast list for ‘Casablanca’.
   what is a cast list?
   The cast list is the names of the actors who were in the movie.
   Use movieid=11768, (or whatever value you got from the previous question)

select name from actor a 
join casting b on a.id=b.actorid 
where b.movieid=11768

7. Obtain the cast list for the film ‘Alien’

SELECT a.name FROM casting c
JOIN actor a ON a.id = actorid 
JOIN movie m ON m.id = movieid
WHERE m.title = 'Alien'

8. List the films in which ‘Harrison Ford’ has appeared

SELECT title 
FROM casting c
JOIN movie m ON m.id = movieid
JOIN actor a ON a.id = actorid
WHERE name = 'Harrison Ford'

9. List the films where ‘Harrison Ford’ has appeared - but not in the starring role. [Note: the ord field of casting gives the position of the actor. If ord=1 then this actor is in the starring role]

SELECT title 
FROM casting c
JOIN movie m ON m.id = movieid
JOIN actor a ON a.id = actorid
WHERE name = 'Harrison Ford'
AND c.ord != 1

10. List the films together with the leading star for all 1962 films.

SELECT title, name 
FROM casting c
JOIN movie m ON m.id = movieid
JOIN actor a ON a.id = actorid
WHERE m.yr = '1962'
AND c.ord = 1

11. Which were the busiest years for ‘Rock Hudson’, show the year and the number of movies he made each year for any year in which he made more than 2 movies.

SELECT yr,COUNT(title) FROM movie 
JOIN casting ON movie.id=movieid
JOIN actor   ON actorid=actor.id
WHERE name='Rock Hudson'
GROUP BY yr
HAVING COUNT(title) > 2

12. List the film title and the leading actor for all of the films ‘Julie Andrews’ played in.
    Did you get “Little Miss Marker twice”?
    Julie Andrews starred in the 1980 remake of Little Miss Marker and not the original(1934).
    Title is not a unique field, create a table of IDs in your subquery

SELECT title,name FROM casting a 
join movie b on a.movieid=b.id 
join actor c on a.actorid=c.id
WHERE movieid IN (
  SELECT movieid FROM actor c join casting a on c.id=a.actorid
  WHERE name='Julie Andrews') and ord=1

13. Obtain a list, in alphabetical order, of actors who’ve had at least 15 starring roles.

select name from casting 
join actor on actorid = actor.id 
where ord = 1
group by name 
having count(*) >=15
order by name 

14. List the films released in the year 1978 ordered by the number of actors in the cast, then by title.

select title, count(*) from movie 
join casting on movie.id = movieid 
where yr = 1978 
group by title 
order by count(actorid) desc, title

15. List all the people who have worked with ‘Art Garfunkel’.

select distinct name from actor 
join casting on actorid = actor.id 
join movie on movieid = movie.id
where movieid in 
(
select movieid from casting 
join actor on actorid = actor.id
where name = 'Art Garfunkel'
)
and name != 'Art Garfunkel'        #不加此条件，会出现他自己的名字“Art Garfunkel”

或

select f.name from 
(select movieid from casting c 
join actor a on a.id=c.actorid 
where name='Art Garfunkel') as e 
join 
(select movieid, name from casting c 
join actor a on a.id=c.actorid 
where name!='Art Garfunkel') as f 
on e.movieid=f.movieid

Using Null

1. List the teachers who have NULL for their department.
   Why we cannot use =
   You might think that the phrase dept=NULL would work here but it doesn’t - you can use the phrase dept IS NULL

SELECT name FROM teacher
WHERE dept IS NULL

2. Note the INNER JOIN misses the teachers with no department and the departments with no teacher.

SELECT teacher.name, dept.name
FROM teacher 
INNER JOIN dept ON (teacher.dept=dept.id)

3. Use a different JOIN so that all teachers are listed.

SELECT DISTINCT teacher.name, dept.name FROM teacher 
LEFT JOIN dept ON teacher.dept = dept.id

4. Use a different JOIN so that all departments are listed.

SELECT DISTINCT teacher.name, dept.name FROM teacher 
RIGHT JOIN dept ON teacher.dept = dept.id

5. Use COALESCE to print the mobile number. Use the number ‘07986 444 2266’ if there is no number given. Show teacher name and mobile number or ‘07986 444 2266’

SELECT 
name, 
COALESCE(mobile,'07986 444 2266') AS number 
FROM teacher

6. Use the COALESCE function and a LEFT JOIN to print the teacher name and department name. Use the string ‘None’ where there is no department.

SELECT teacher.name, COALESCE(dept.name,'None') 
FROM teacher 
LEFT JOIN dept ON dept.id = teacher.dept

7. Use COUNT to show the number of teachers and the number of mobile phones.

SELECT COUNT(teacher.name),COUNT(mobile)
FROM teacher

8. Use COUNT and GROUP BY dept.name to show each department and the number of staff. Use a RIGHT JOIN to ensure that the Engineering department is listed.

SELECT dept.name, COUNT(teacher.name)
FROM dept 
LEFT JOIN teacher ON teacher.dept = dept.id       #LEFT JOIN
GROUP BY dept.name 

或

SELECT dept.name, COUNT(teacher.name)
FROM teacher 
RIGHT JOIN dept ON teacher.dept = dept.id       #RIGHT JOIN
GROUP BY dept.name

9. Use CASE to show the name of each teacher followed by ‘Sci’ if the teacher is in dept 1 or 2 and ‘Art’ otherwise.

SELECT name,
CASE WHEN teacher.dept IS NOT NULL THEN 'Sci'     # 有dept.id只有1和2两个值，所以可以使用'IS NOT NULL'
     ELSE 'Art'
END
FROM teacher

或

SELECT name,
CASE WHEN teacher.dept IN (1,2) THEN 'Sci'
     ELSE 'Art'
END
FROM teacher

10. Use CASE to show the name of each teacher followed by ‘Sci’ if the teacher is in dept 1 or 2, show ‘Art’ if the teacher’s dept is 3 and ‘None’ otherwise.

SELECT name,
CASE WHEN teacher.dept IN (1,2) THEN 'Sci'
     WHEN teacher.dept = 3 THEN 'Art'
     ELSE 'None'
END
FROM teacher

Self join

1. How many stops are in the database.

SELECT count(name) FROM stops

2. Find the id value for the stop ‘Craiglockhart’

SELECT id FROM stops 
WHERE name = 'Craiglockhart'

3. Give the id and the name for the stops on the ‘4’ ‘LRT’ service.

SELECT id, name FROM route JOIN stops ON (stop=id)
WHERE num= '4' AND company = 'LRT'

4. The query shown gives the number of routes that visit either London Road (149) or Craiglockhart (53). Run the query and notice the two services that link these stops have a count of 2. Add a HAVING clause to restrict the output to these two routes.

SELECT company, num, COUNT(*)
FROM route WHERE stop IN (149,53)
GROUP BY company, num
HAVING COUNT(*)>1

5. Execute the self join shown and observe that b.stop gives all the places you can get to from Craiglockhart, without changing routes. Change the query so that it shows the services from Craiglockhart to London Road.

SELECT a.company, a.num, a.stop, b.stop
FROM route a JOIN route b ON
  (a.company=b.company AND a.num=b.num)
WHERE a.stop=53 AND b.stop = 149     #由上题中确定C……和L……的stop

6. The query shown is similar to the previous one, however by joining two copies of the stops table we can refer to stops by name rather than by number. Change the query so that the services between ‘Craiglockhart’ and ‘London Road’ are shown. If you are tired of these places try ‘Fairmilehead’ against ‘Tollcross’

SELECT a.company, a.num, stopa.name, stopb.name
FROM route a JOIN route b ON
  (a.company=b.company AND a.num=b.num)
  JOIN stops stopa ON (a.stop=stopa.id)
  JOIN stops stopb ON (b.stop=stopb.id)
WHERE stopa.name='Craiglockhart'
AND stopb.name = 'London Road'

7. Give a list of all the services which connect stops 115 and 137 (‘Haymarket’ and ‘Leith’)

SELECT distinct a.company, a.num FROM route a 
JOIN route b ON (a.company = b.company AND a.num = b.num)   # 注意条件是company和num相等
WHERE a.stop = 115
AND b.stop = 137

8. Give a list of the services which connect the stops ‘Craiglockhart’ and ‘Tollcross’

SELECT a.company, a.num
FROM route a
JOIN route b ON (a.company = b.company AND a.num = b.num)
JOIN stops stopa ON a.stop = stopa.id
JOIN stops stopb ON b.stop = stopb.id
WHERE stopa.name = 'Craiglockhart' AND stopb.name = 'Tollcross'

9. Give a distinct list of the stops which may be reached from ‘Craiglockhart’ by taking one bus, including ‘Craiglockhart’ itself, offered by the LRT company. Include the company and bus no. of the relevant services.

SELECT stopb.name, a.company, a.num
FROM route a
JOIN route b ON (a.company = b.company AND a.num = b.num)
JOIN stops stopa ON a.stop = stopa.id
JOIN stops stopb ON b.stop = stopb.id
WHERE stopa.name = 'Craiglockhart'

10. Find the routes involving two buses that can go from Craiglockhart to Lochend.
    Show the bus no. and company for the first bus, the name of the stop for the transfer,
    and the bus no. and company for the second bus.
    Hint
    Self-join twice to find buses that visit Craiglockhart and Lochend, then join those on matching stops.

SELECT DISTINCT a.num, a.company, y.name,c.num, c.company
FROM route a 
JOIN route b ON (a.company = b.company AND a.num = b.num)
JOIN 
(route c JOIN route d ON (c.company = d.company AND c.num = d.num))
         JOIN stops x ON (a.stop = x.id)
         JOIN stops y ON (c.stop = y.id)
         JOIN stops z ON (d.stop = z.id)
WHERE x.name = 'Craiglockhart' 
AND z.name = 'Lochend' 
AND b.stop = c.stop
ORDER BY a.num, y.name, d.num