计英的期中总结

（整理了一些概念，一些问答/填空不一定对，仅供参考）

OS

·CPU（Central Processing Unit）：The part of a computer that controls all processes of all parts of the computer.

Your CPU has 2 cores, it’s called dual-core CPU.

Your CPU has 4 cores, it’s called quad-core CPU.

Your CPU has 8 cores, it’s called octa-core CPU.

·RAM（RAM:Random Access Memory）：RAM will be used to temporarily store data during the processing  process, and it will be emptied if the computer is shut down.

·Hard disk — Magnetic disk：A hard disk is a storage device, if the computer is shut down the data still be stored in it.

·Speed：

A metric of speed unit in computer processing is Hertz.

The abbreviation of speed unit is Hz.

·Cache Memory（缓存）：an area or type of computer memory in which information that is often in use can be stored temporarily and got too quickly.

·Processing Unit：Word or command for CPU processing will be described as word-size using

the natural unit of data called bit. The particular CPU processing unit or word-size is usually 8-, 16-, 32-, or 64-bits microprocessing.

·GPU（Graphics Processing Unit）：GPU or the Graphics Processing Unit is “the soul” of the PC.GPU is a processor unit with thousands of cores to perform some specific tasks such as graphics rendering purposes.

·Bus（总线）：

Data bus — carries the data

Control bus — says when to do it

Address bus — says where the data is / should go

This is a Binary Tree.

• A is the root node.

• H is a child node.

• D is a parent node.

• F and G are siblings.

• F is a leaf node

• D and E are also siblings.

• D, H, and I all are in a sub-tree.

• H, I, J, and G are also leaf nodes

·Software Category

·Operating System

An operating system is the software that controls the overall operation of a computer.

Software Category：

·System Software

·Application Software

OS is the most important program that runs on a computer. 操作系统

·Windows/Microsoft Windows

An OS designed by Microsoft Corporation and targeted to Intel architecture-based computers.

·macOS

An OS designed by Apple Incorporation.

·Chrome OS

Google Chrome OS is an open-source operating system designed by Google to work exclusively with web applications.

The operating system is based on Linux and targets specifically designed hardware.

·Linux

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like (Unix-based) operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.

It has a number of different versions to suit any type of user on the desktop

·Ubuntu

Ubuntu is designed to work beautifully on the latest laptops, desktops, and touchscreen devices.

·Unix

Unix is an operating system that is a family of multi tasking, multi user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix.

PC VS MAC

·PC

1.have a variety of OS options from Microsoft Corporation and other sources(Diverse of Companies)

2.PCs are cheaper, but more susceptible to viruses.

·Mac

1.comes with one of the proprietary Apple Incorporation(only manufacturer).

2.have proven themselves vital in publishing,particularly, the prepress process. (press ~

newspapers and magazines).

3.Mac has superior typography and color matching.

Googlr Chrome Netbook

• Small & light

• Battery — 8-14 hours life

• Needs to be connected to the internet

• 16GB SSD Hard Drive

• It needs Chrome OS.

• Google Chrome OS is intended for devices like Netbooks - not a user's primary PC.

• It will only run on specifically designed hardware.

• The Chrome OS was designed to run on solid-state drives (SSDs) which

provided faster boot-up times than hard disk drives .

Kernel（内核）

·The kernel is the core component of the operating system that manages hardware resources and provides essential services to higher-level software.

·It acts as an intermediary（中介） between the hardwareand the software, handling tasks such as processmanagement, memory management, devicedrivers, and system calls

Shell（壳，外壳）

• A shell is an interface for access to an operating system 's services.

• Most often the users interact with the shell using a command line interface (CLI) and also a graphical user interface (GUI).

·acts as a command-line interpreter

Shell VS Terminal

·Shell is used in Windows while Terminal is used in MacOS

User Interface

 keyboard,monitor,mouse

Application Software  is a subclass of computer software that  employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform.

Utility Software（实用工具软件）

Spreadsheets（电子制表软件）

Q: How different between spreadsheets & database systems? 

A:Spreadsheets are more suitable for basic data entry, calculations, and analysis of smaller datasets, while database systems are designed for managing large volumes of structured data and providing advanced data management and querying capabilities.

Database Systems(DBMS)

 

(这个图是在另一个博主那里找到的，指路【期末划重点】计算机英语（2）_期末划重点计算机英语-CSDN博客)

 Mulltimedia（多媒体）

Color

 ·is originated in light.

RGB Color System

·The colors generate d by light, such as the color system in computer monitors, is an example of describing the RGB color system by using an Additive Color  System/Theory, composed of Red Green, and Blue (RGB).

·This color system is applied only to the devices employing light, such as:

• computer monitors

• television sets.

CMYK Color System

·Generally used in the printing/publishing industry using inks.

• Composed of Cyan , Magenta , Yellow, and Black . (Mixed resulted in Gray)

Pixel（像素）

Digital Image（数字图像）

The digital image is defined using mathematics rather than pixels.

Raster Image（光栅图像）

Pixel-based digital imagery is also called “raster imagery”.

• The array of pixels is “ rasterized ” by the device that is displaying those pixels.

Vector Image（矢量图像）

·a mathematics-based digital image

·A vector image uses the below elements to draw out the digital illustration:

• points or called “ vertices（顶点） ”

• lines or curves

Illustrator：An example of 2D software for vector images

·vector image can be scaled up or down to any size without degrad ing quality since it’s defined using math, whereas

• scaling up or down the size of the raster image will cause a loss of clarity .

Resolution（分辨率）

• A resolution defines how many pixel will be used to form a digital image.

• The number of pixels contained in our digital image assets is expressed using a term called resolution.

Aspect Ratio（纵横比）

·The ratio of x to y in the digital image is called aspect ratio

·1:1 is perfect aspect ratio

Text（文本）