人脸跟踪：卡尔曼滤波跟踪

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-01 01:15:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-01 01:15:00 发布

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算法的核心思想是,根据当前的仪器"测量值" 和上一刻的 "预测量" 和 "误差",计算得到当前的最优量. 再预测下一刻的量,

里面比较突出的是观点是. 把误差纳入计算, 而且分为预测误差和测量误差两种.通称为噪声.

还有一个非常大的特点是,误差独立存在, 始终不受测量数据的影响.

上面的ppt有助于入门理解.

但是在编程的时候你会发现,解释里面的数值23 没有很明确的指出,是指的那个时刻的23 是预测的23 还是上一课测量的23

下面这段文字会有助于你更清晰的理解

Python代码实现：

# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
# Kalman filter example demo in Python
 
# A Python implementation of the example given in pages 11-15 of "An
# Introduction to the Kalman Filter" by Greg Welch and Gary Bishop,
# University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Computer
# Science, TR 95-041,
# http://www.cs.unc.edu/~welch/kalman/kalmanIntro.html
 
# by Andrew D. Straw
#coding:utf-8
import numpy
import pylab
 
#这里是假设A=1，H=1的情况
 
# intial parameters
n_iter = 50
sz = (n_iter,) # size of array
x = -0.37727 # truth value (typo in example at top of p. 13 calls this z)
z = numpy.random.normal(x,0.1,size=sz) # observations (normal about x, sigma=0.1)
 
Q = 1e-5 # process variance
 
# allocate space for arrays
xhat=numpy.zeros(sz)      # a posteri estimate of x
P=numpy.zeros(sz)         # a posteri error estimate
xhatminus=numpy.zeros(sz) # a priori estimate of x
Pminus=numpy.zeros(sz)    # a priori error estimate
K=numpy.zeros(sz)         # gain or blending factor
 
R = 0.1**2 # estimate of measurement variance, change to see effect
 
# intial guesses
xhat[0] = 0.0
P[0] = 1.0
 
for k in range(1,n_iter):
    # time update
    xhatminus[k] = xhat[k-1]  #X(k|k-1) = AX(k-1|k-1) + BU(k) + W(k),A=1,BU(k) = 0
    Pminus[k] = P[k-1]+Q      #P(k|k-1) = AP(k-1|k-1)A' + Q(k) ,A=1
 
    # measurement update
    K[k] = Pminus[k]/( Pminus[k]+R ) #Kg(k)=P(k|k-1)H'/[HP(k|k-1)H' + R],H=1
    xhat[k] = xhatminus[k]+K[k]*(z[k]-xhatminus[k]) #X(k|k) = X(k|k-1) + Kg(k)[Z(k) - HX(k|k-1)], H=1
    P[k] = (1-K[k])*Pminus[k] #P(k|k) = (1 - Kg(k)H)P(k|k-1), H=1
 
pylab.figure()
pylab.plot(z,'k+',label='noisy measurements')     #测量值
pylab.plot(xhat,'b-',label='a posteri estimate')  #过滤后的值
pylab.axhline(x,color='g',label='truth value')    #系统值
pylab.legend()
pylab.xlabel('Iteration')
pylab.ylabel('Voltage')
 
pylab.figure()
valid_iter = range(1,n_iter) # Pminus not valid at step 0
pylab.plot(valid_iter,Pminus[valid_iter],label='a priori error estimate')
pylab.xlabel('Iteration')
pylab.ylabel('$(Voltage)^2$')
pylab.setp(pylab.gca(),'ylim',[0,.01])
pylab.show()

结果